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SCOTT-BROWNE'S 

TEXT-BOOK  of  PHONOGRAPHY, 


A    NEW    PRESENTATION    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES   OF 
THE  ART, 

AS    PRACTISED   BY  NINE-TENTHS  OF   THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  PROFES- 
SION IN    AMERICA;  AND  THE  ONLY  WORK  EMBODYING  THE 
IMPROVEMENTS  MADE  IN  THE  LAST  TEN  YEARS. 


FOR 

SCHOOLS,  COLLEGES  AND  PRIVATE  INSTRUCTION, 


BY 

D.  L.  SCOTT-BROWNE. 

TEACHERS    OP    THE    ART    FOR    BIGHT   YEARS    IN   THE   COLLEGE  OF    PHONOGRAPHY: 

EDITOR    OF  "Browne's  phonographic  monthly  and  reporters'  jour- 
nal"   (organ    or    THE    profession);     author      of    THE    AMERICAN 
standard  series  of    PHONOGRAPHIC  TEXT-BOOKS;  MEMBER 
or    THE    AMERICAN    PHILOLOGICAL    SOCIETY. 


PART    I. 
TEN  THOUSANDTH  EDITION— REVISED. 


NEW-YORK  : 
D.  L.  Scott-Browne, 

1887. 


COPYRIGHT   BY 

D.  L.  SCOTT-BROWNE, 
1887, 


GIFT 


35sr 

PREFACE  TO  THE  SEVENTH  EDITION. 


This  work,  presenting  what  is  known  as  the  American  Stand- 
ard system  of  Phonography,  contains  the  improvements  made  by  the 
profession  during  the  past  twenty  five  years'  practice,  down  to  date. 
It  has  become  the  leading  text-book  of  phonography  in  the  schools 
thruout  the  country  where  shorthand  is  taught,  and,  especially,  in  the 
Chain  of  Phonographic  Colleges  established  by  the  author  in  the 
United  States  and  elsewhere. 

The  chief  improvements  of  this  edition  are  :  Better  practise 
exercises  on  the  upward  and  downward  L  and  E,  with  simplified 
directions  for  understanding  the  application  of  these  principles. 
Exercises  in  other  parts  of  the  work  have  been  improved  to  make 
more  positive  and  clear  the  application  of  such  principles  as  might  be 
employed  in  different  ways,  but  which  would  be  better  used  in  one 
uniform  manner,  thus  avoiding  confusion  in  their  application.  The 
various  lists  of  abbreviations  have  been  supplied  with  practise  exer- 
cises which  aid  to  their  easy  mastery.  Some  writing  exercises  have 
been  made  over,  supplying  words  better  suited  to  clearly  illustrate 
principles.  The  Sen  principle,  which  by  accident  was  omitted  from 
the  last  three  editions,  has  been  added.  Also  directions  for  the  for- 
mation of  imperfect  hooks  or  offsets,  which  have  been  difficult  for  the 
student  to  understand  and  which  are  now  made  clear.  The  affix 
signs  have  been  better  arranged.  A  list  of  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  abbreviations  added  and  general  directions  given  for  further 
study.    Typographical  and  other  discrepancies  have  been  removed. 

The  book  has  been  thoroly  criticized  by  the  author  and  teach- 
ers in  general  during  its  past  four  years'  use,  and  being  revised  now 
for  the  third  time,  it  is  believed  to  be  the  best  instruction  book 
on  shorthand  writing.  It  has  cost  the  author  fifteen  years'  labor 
to  bring  the  art  to  its  present  state  of  perfection  and  to  present  it  in 
the  most  practicable  manner,  affording  a  book  that  will  meet  and 
remove  the  difficulties  experienced  by  students. 

The  work  presents  but  one  style  of  writing  equally  suited  to  all 
uses  required  either  by  the  amanuensis  or  verbatim  reporter,  and  is 
in  every  respect  the  system  receiving  the  highest  acknowledgements 
of  the  profession  and  of  teachers.  The  Author. 

Phonographic  Headquarters, 

23  Clinton  Place,  New-York  City. 
[an.  1 836. 


M787592 


CONTENTS. 


Preface         ..........  ui 

To  THE  Learner            ........  y 

Definitions  ........           t           •  viii 

CONSONANTS:— 

Lesson  L — Consonant  Alfabet  .......  i 

VOWELS  AND  VOWELIZATION:— 

Lesson  IL — Positiv  and  Relutiv  Values    ......  6 

Lesson  III. — Short  Vowels        .......  13 

Lesson  IV.— Extra  Vowels             .......  17 

Punctuation,  Capitals,  E'nphasis          .......  18 

Lesson  V. — Difthongs  or  Compound  Vowels      .....  19 

Lesson  VI. — -Joined  Vowel  Ticks          ....*.  21 

CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS:— 

Lesson  VII. — Brief  additional  signs  for  f  and  x              .            .            .            .  aa 

Lesson  VIII. — Loops  for  .r/ and  j/r     ......  aj 

SEMICIRCLES  AND  HOOK:— 

Lesson  IX. — Brief  Signs  for  Pl^a  and  Va              .....  29 

Lesson  X. — Brief  iVa  and  Vd  Signs  disjoined            ....  33 

ASPIRATE  TICK,  HEH:— 

Lesson  XI. — Heh  on  stems             .......  37 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  POSITION:— 

Lesson  XII. — Abbreviations — Simple  and  Compound  Steins  .  .  38 
Lesson  XIII. — Abbreviations — Circles,  Loops  and  Vowels  .  .  .43 
Lesso.i  XIV.— Abbreviations— Brief  IVa  and  Va  Signs— Vowel,  Stem. 

and  Brief  Sign  Combination        ......  46 

HALF-LENGTHS  AND  ED  TICK:— 

Lesson  XV. — Halving  Stems  to  add  i  or  d — ^i/tick — Abbreviations  48 

INITIAL  HOOKS:— 

Lesson  XVL— Small  Initial  Hooks  for  /  and  r  on  mated  stems—/  and  r 

on  unmated  stems — Abbreviations        .....  55 

Lesson  XVII.— The  Initial  Circle  on  I  and  r  hook  signs — Abbreviations      .  63 

Lesson  XVIII— Back  Hook  for  in.  en.  un 66 

Lesson  XIX.— VV-tick 67 

Losson  XX.— Small  Terminal  Hooks  for  «  /and  p— Abbreviations         ,  69 

Expression  of  Numbers         (See  Part  II.,  page  I44.)       . 

Lesson  XXI. — S/iu»  And  EsAitn  Hooks^—Abhrevintions.     ...  75 

SHADING  AND  LENGTHENING:— 

Lesson  XXII.— Shading  .fi//«— lengthening  /V/o- —lengthening  other  curves 

and  A'rt  and  //a/t — Abbreviations               ......  7* 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES:— 

Lesion  XXIII. — Prefixes— Compound  Prefixes        ....  81 

Lesson  XXIV. — ^Affixes — Abbreviations  as  Affixes        .            ...  85 


TO    THE    LEARNER. 


In  taking  up  the  study  of  Fonografy  the  learner  must  under- 
stand,  from  the  start,  that  he  is  to  lay  aside  the  methods  of  both 
spelling  and  writing  words  as  taught  in  our  books  and  dictionaries; 
and  that  he  must  place  himself  in  the  attitude  of  a  child  who  is  just 
beginning  to  learn  his  A  B  c.      There  are  two  reasons  for  this  advice: 

ist. — The  fonografik  alfabet,  unlike  the  one  in  our  spelling  books, 
contains  as  many  letters  or  signs  as  there  are  elements  or  soimds  in 
the  English  language,  and  not  one  of  these  letters  or  signs  stands 
for  more  than  one  sound  or  value,  hence,  every  word  is  to  be  spelled 
by  just  those  letters  or  signs  that  represent  the  sound  heard  in  the 
word — one  sign  for  each  sound,  and  no  more.  For  example,  the 
word  talk  is  composed  of  three  sounds,  or  elements,  t-aw-k;  speak  is 
composed  of  four  elements,  s-p-e-k;  back,  three  elements,  b-d-k; 
laugh,  three  elements,  l-ah-f;  etc.  So,  in  fonografy,  there  must  be 
just  as  many  signs  used  in  spelling  a  word  as  there  are  elements,  or 
sounds,  heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  word;  three  signs  in  spelling 
talk,  because  there  are  but  three  elements  heard;  four  signs  in  speak, 
because  there  are  but  four  elements  heard;  and  so  on,  in  this  way 
with  all  the  words  in  the  language. 

2d. — The  letters  or  signs  of  the  fonografik  alfabet  are  all  ne7v 
and  unfamiliar  to  the  learner,  the  same  as  a  b  c  are  new  and  un- 
familiar to  the  child  just  learning  them,  and  must  be  acquired  in  the 
same  way — by  memorizing.  The  child  memorizes  principally  by 
the  repeating  procc-.s.  The  adult  shortens  this  process  by  bringing 
his  mind — his  judgment — his  reasoning  powers— to  his  assistance. 
He  calls  to  his  aid  all  the  ideas  that  he  can  associate  in  any  way 
with  the  lessons  he  is  learning,  that  could  avail  him  any  thing  in  ac- 
quiring them.  The  more  intelligent  the  student,  the  more  will  he 
leatu  by  this  law  of  association  of  ideas. 

The  quickest  way  to  learn  the  alfabet  is.  First:  read  it  over, 
noticing  the  name,  sound,  form,  direction  dind  thickness  or  shading  oi 
each  sign.  Second:  read  carefully  what  is  said  about  the  manner  of 
"writing  the  stems — whether  upward  or  downward,  etc.,  following  the 
directions  given  in  the  Tkxt-Book,  on  page  2.  Third:  write  the 
first  eight  stems  of  the  alphabet,  making  and  naming  them  in  pairs, 
accenting  the  second  one  of  each  pair,  and  repeating  words  to  rhyme 
with  them  as  follows: 


Vi  SCOTT-BROIVMETS    TEXT-BOOK 

Pe     Be,     Te  De,   Cha  Ja,     Ka  Ga; 
This  /j       for  w^     to  learn     this  r/^y. 
Also  notice  that  the  stfems  are  arranged  in  the  same  regular  order 
as  the  spokes  of  a  wheel,   and  that  there  is  a  thin  and  thick  or  light 

and  heavy  spoke  to  each  direction,  thus:    "V^"      \!/         \j/ 
which,   paired  thus:  "\J l/'     and   separated   without   breaking   their 
order,  appear  just  as  the^are  seen  in  the  alfabet: 

W      !l      //      ~ 

PeBe,      Tc  De,     Cha /a,     Ka  Ga. 
This  is    for  me     to  learn     this  (/ay. 
Then  write  the  next  eight  stems,  making  and  naming  them  also 
in  pairs,  and  repeating  words  that  will  rhyme  with  them: 
Ef    Fe,       Ith    7yie,       Es  Zc,       Ish  Z//e; 
This  too,       for  me        to  learn,      you  see. 
The  remaining  stems  are  unmated  and  divided  into  triplets,  with 
words  to  rhyme,  as  follows: 

La     Er     Ra,         Em      Un     Ing; 

Did  vou  sav  I  might  sing? 

Wa     Ya     II  ah. 

Yes,  ha-//^// 

Write  the  alfabet  in  Scott-Browne's  Fonografik  Copy  Book, 

following  the  directions  therein  given.     The  last  alfabet  exercise  in 

the  Copy-Book  being  like  the  one  on  page  3  of  this  book.     If  the 

Copy-Book  is  not  used,  any  blank  note-book  will  do,  taking  care  to 

have  the  exercises  neatly  and  correctly  written. 

At  this  point  ask  zohy  some  of  the  stems  are  mated — differ- 
ing only  in  being  light  and  heavy.  Answer.  Because  the  elements 
or  sounds  represented  by  the  stems  of  each  mated  pair  are  formed 
alike  in  the  mouth,  and  are  alike,  with  the  exception  that  the  light 
ones,/,  t^  etc.,  are  whispered,  while  their  mates  or  cognates,  b,  d, 
etc.,  are  voiced— ihc  voice  being  heard  before  the  lips  separate  to 
give  them  utterance.  Therefore  the  7vhispered  mated  elements  are 
represented  by  light  lines — light  sound,  light  stem — and  the  voiced 
mated  elements  by  heavyWw^s — heavy  sound,  heavy  stetn.  Pronounc- 
ing the  syllables  ap,  ab;  at,  ad;  ach,  aj;  ak,  ag;  etc.,  will  enable 
the  student  to  preceive,  at  once,  both  the  similarity  and  difference 
between  the  mated  elements. 

The  unmated  elements  are  all  voiced  except  Hah,  and  are  repre- 
sented by  the  curved  stems  thai  remained  after  the  mated  stems  were 
provided  for. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  vii 


PENS   AND    PENCILS. 

Practise  with  either  pen  or  pencil.  It  is  better  to  be  familiar 
with  the  »jse  of  both.  Let  the  pen  be  fine,  and  the  ink  clear  and 
black.  Hold  the  pen  loosely  so  that  it  can  be  turned  easily  in  writ- 
ing the  outlines  of  words  containing  stems  made  in  different  direc- 
tions. Some  reporters  hold  the  pen  or  pencil  between  the  first  and 
second  fingers.  It  is  a  good  way,  as  the  pen  is  more  easily  con- 
trolled and  it  enables  one  to  write  longer  without  fatigue.  Both  this 
atid  the  usual  way  are  recommended — each  as  a  rest  to  the  other. 
Of  pencils  graded  by  numbers,  use  No.  3;  of  Dixon's  pencils,  use 
those  marked  S.  M.  (Soft  Medium);  of  the  American  Fonografic  Pen- 
cils, use  those  marked  S  (Soft). 

TIME  REQUIRED  TO  LEARN  PHONOGRAPHY. 

Directions  faithfully  followed  and  lessons  thoroughly  learned, 
together  with  an  hour's  daily  practise,  will  enable  the  average  student 
to  master  this  book  in  about  two  months.  A  month's  additional 
practise,  of  from  two  to  three  hours  daily,  from  another's  reading — 
using  any  common  school  reading  books  (from  Second  to  Fourth — 
omitting  all  the  poetry),  and  good  business  letters — will  fit  the 
student  to  begin  the  work  of  receiving  dictations  of  business  letter.s, 
provided  he  can  spell,  punctuate  and  write  longhand,  or  operate  a 
writing  machine  well.  These  three  are  positiv  pre-requisites  in  a 
shorthand  amanuensis. 

HOW    AND    WHEN   TO    PRACTISE. 

In  writing  after  another's  reading  let  the  same  matter  be  re- 
peated three  times,  at  least.  This  enables  the  writer  to  criticise  his 
first  effort,  make  corrections,  choose  better  forms  for  words,  and  im- 
prove generally  the  appearance  of  the  second  effort.  The  third 
effort  confirms  the  corrections  and  improvements  of  the  second  and 
advances' one's  speed.  After  writing  any  thing  the  third  time  let  the 
shorthand  notes  be  read  as  many  as  two  or  three  times  and  written 
out  in  longhand  once.  Repetition  in  writing  and  reading  practise, 
is  one  of  the  secrets  of  gaining  speed  in  writing  and  readiness  in 
reading.  As  progress  is  made  in  correctness  and  speed  of  writing, 
the  repeating  practice  can  be  gradually  discontinued.  Let  the  stu- 
dent ahvays  read  every  thing  he  writes.  One's  own  notes,  after  be- 
coming able  to  write  easily,  make  better  I'eading  exercises  than 
engraved  fonografy.  Amanuenses  and  reporters  will  have  no  trouble 
in  reading  their  notes  if,  during  the  preparatory  course,  they  faith- 
fully read  every  thing  they  write. 


DEFINITION     OF    FONOGRAFY, 
ETC. 


FoNOGRAFY  (Phonography). — Any  system  of  writing  language 
in  which  only  the  sounds  of  the  spoken  word  are  represented. 

Stenografy. — Any  system  of  shorthand  writing,  using  briei 
alfabetic  signs,  arbitrary  characters,  principles  of  contraction,  etc.. 
adequate  to  the  representation  and  speed  of  verbatim  speech.  The 
term  is  applied  to  systems  of  un-fonetik  shorthand. 

Steno-Fonografy. — Any  sj^stem  of  fonetic  shorthand  employ- 
ing the  alfabetik  signs  of  stenography,  principles  of  abbreviation 
and  contraction,  devices,  etc..  adequate  to  the  representation  and 
speed  of  verbatim  speech. 

FoNETiKs  (Phonetics). — The  science  of  the  sounds  of  the  humat 
voice. — (Webster.) 

FoNETiK  (Phonetic)  or  Fonik  (Phonic). — Relating  to  the  repre- 
sentation of  sounds  by  characters. — (Webster.) 

Fonetik  or  Fonik  Shorthand  and  Steno-Fonopa/y  both  mean 
one  and  the  same  thing. 

The  system  of  Shorthand  or  Stenografy  taught  in  this  book 
is  fonetik  or  fonografik,  and,  hence,  like  all  other  systems  having 
a  fonetik  basis,  is  termed,  for  brevity,  Fonografy  instead  of  Steno- 
Fonografy,  there  being  no  longhand  fonografy  to  require  the  othci 
as  a  distinguishing  name. 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  NATURE,  QUESTION,  ETC. 
The  theoretical  pronunciation  of  the  words  nature,  Jnture,  ques- 
tion, fixture,  etc.,  is  not  so  conveniently  or  quickly  represented  in 
fonografy  as  the  popular  pronunciation;  therefore  this  work  sanctions 
the  fonografik  writing  of  nachur,  fuchnr,  queschun,  Jixchur,  etc.  If 
the  rei)orter  is  to  write  what  he  hears,  he  will  seldom  have  occasion 
to  represent  other  than  the  popular  pronunciation  given  to  this  class 
of  words. 


LBSSON    I. 

1.— CONSONANT  ALFABET. 


FONOGRAFIK 

Stem  or  Letter. 


Name. 


Sound. 


Power. 


<  7: 


z  2  / 


z  XL 


\ 


/ 
/ 


STRAIGHT    STEMS     (Mated). 
as  in        


Pe 

P 

Be 

b 

Te 

t 

De 

d 

Cha 

ch 

Ja 

J 

Ka 

k 

Ga 

g 

CUAVED    STEMS    (I^Iatei 


( 
( 

) 

) 
J 

J 

CURVED    and    straight    STEMS    (not 
f"    upward 


'upward 


Ef 

f   . 

Ve 

V 

Ith 

th 

The 

dh 

Es 

s 

Ze 

z 

Ish 

sh 

Zhe 

zh 

r 


ASl-l-   ^,^       up- 

RATE."         ward 


La 

1     " 

Er 

r 

Ra 

r 

Em 

m 

Un 

n 

Ing 

"g 

Wa 

w 

Ya 

y 

Hah 

h 

a3 
\t 

a\d 

each 

joy,  a^e,  edge 

oak,  coo,  echo 

....egg,  ego 

if,  Xavigk,  phase 
eve,  Stephen 
....  oath 

....  the 

....     MS,    ace 
....    oo^e,  aj 
ash,  o^ean 
.   . .         ajzure 

Mated). 

....  ale 

....  ear 

....  roar 

....  aim 

....  an 

....  song 

....  way 

....  yon 

....  hay 


SCOTT^BROWNSS  TBXT-BOOK 


MANNER  OF  WRITING  THE  STEMS. 

3.  The  Stems  \  Pe,  \  Be,  \  TV,  |  De,  /  Cha,  /  fa: 
are  written  downward.  ^ 

3'    — .  ^<».  —  Ga,  are  written  from  left  to  right. 

4-  V^  ^/,  ^  ^'f.  C  ^^^.  C  The,  )  ^j,  )  Zf,  ^  Zh'., 
are  written  downward. 

5-  _>'  /j">4  is  written  downward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a 
word,  but  when  joined  to  other  stems  may  be  written  either  upwct^td 
or  downward,  according  to  rules  given  in  advanced  lessons.  When 
written  upward  it  is  named  Ska. 

6.  ('^La  is  written  upward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word, 
but  when  joined  to  other  stems  may  be  written  either  upward  -r 
dowmuard,  according  to  rules  given  in  advanced  lessons.  When  writ- 
ten downward  it  is  named  El. 

7.  "^  -Er  is  always  written  downward.  > 

8.  ^  Ra  is  always  written  upward. 

g.     /"^  Em,  \_>«  [/n,  >^^  /?tg,  are  written  from  le/t  to  righ:. 

10.  "^    Wa,  ^  Ya,  are  written  downward. 

11.  ^  Hah  is  always  written  upward. 

RESUME. 

a.  __J  Ish,  written  downward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word. 
Written  either  upward  or  downward,  according  to  certain  rules,  when 
joined  to   other  stems.      Upward  name,  Sha. 

b.  f^  La,  written  upward  when  it  is  the  only  stem  in  a  word. 
Written  either  upxvard  or  downward,  according  to  certain  rules,  when 
joined  to  other  stems.     Downward  name,  El. 

c.  ^  Ra,  ^^  Hah,  always  written  upward. 

d.     Ka,  „^  Ga,  ^-^  Em,  v^^  Un,  ^^  Ing,  written  from  Jr/f 

^o  right.    ^ 

e.  All  the  other  stems  invariably  written  downward. 

Note. — Trace  and  name  every  one  of  the  steins  on  pa^e  i  several  times:  aft<*r 
whiclj,  practise  writing  them  in  " Scott-Browne'a  Phonograpliic  Copy-Book,"  page  i. 


or  PHONoasAPHv. 


12.-EXERCISE  TO  BE  WRITTEN    IN   COPY-BOOK. 
Pe.     Be,    \.X \\ N^X \\    \   \    ,\\ 


/ 


Te,     De,     |    | [I II_,J.I  11-      II 

Cha,    Ja,  /,  / //_//_, //..../  /       /   / 

Ka,     Ga, 

r 
Ith,    The.    (C (,( (...( CX (.( (    ( 

Es,     Ze.     )    )  ).) \J >    ) )) )      ) 

La  or  El,  r  c.  c  c.c  r  r  r  r  r  r  r  r. 
E^'      '^.":n..~^  .::^..3.':a  '^^  ~^  z^. '::^  "a  '^ 

R^'        ^  y^.y' .  /"..  ^.  ^  /^  /  ,-^  /  /  X 


Em, 
Un, 
Ing, 
Wa, 
Ya. 


v^ 


v^ 


T>.  ."^  ."^  ..:^  :^  "^  -^  "^  "^  "^  "^.."> 


Hah. 


^ 


^.....^....^..<^...^^^^^ 


N'oTH.— For  practise  on  this  exercise  see  page  i  of  "  Piionographic  Copv-Book.' 


SCOTT.BROWNSrS  TBXT^BOOtC 


MANNER  OF  JOINING  CONSONANT  STEMS. 

13.  When  two  or  more  stems  are  used  in  the  outline  of  a  word, 
they  are  written  without  lifting  the  pen;  the  next  beginning  where  the 
preceding  one  ends.     Illustration  :' 

v_ ^., 


p  k^         n  t,  rm  I,         b  lit,        r  r,  k  k,  mm,       m  n. 

14.  Rule  I. — The  Jirst  downward  stem  of  a  consonant    outline 
must  end  on  the  line  of  writing.     Illustration: 

^ -H. ^ \. ^ I 

^  /.  f  "v,  ch  k,  p  p,  n  I,  d  i. 

15.  Rule  II. — T\\^  first  upward sitvn.  of  a  consonant  outline  must 
begin  on  the  line  of  writing.     Illustration: 

,^. cC.. /:r'.. -Z!. a/ 

r  k,  II,  h  n,  sh  /,  m  r. 

16.  Join  the  following  stems  without  making  an  angle: 

c:. v_- C C s_ I .CN 


I 


Ik,  pn^  thn.  In,  vg^  d  f,  I  r, 

.Q .0..  .  ^ o>. \^. U... 


/  s,  m  s,  m  n,  m  ng-,  b  ng,  t  n,         r  sh. 

17.     Always  make  an  angle  between  the  following  stpmc- 

^. .^.....      " 


f  n,  V  ng,  I  m, 

18.     Curve  Em  a  little  more  before  Ka  and  a  little  less  before 

Te,  in  order  to  secure  sharper  angles;  thus:  /''~V__  m  k,       \  m  i. 

Practise  on  the  foregoing  outlines  until  they  can  be  written  readily 
and  neatly. 

.  Read  carefully  and  with  patience,  the  Exercise  on  the  following 
page,  pronouncing  aloud,  first  the  name^  and  then  the  sound  of  each 
stem.      Illustration: 

NAMES.  SOUNDS. 

X^^-v,      Pe-Em      p  m,  sounding  the  p  as  in  ape,  leaving  oi 
the  a;  m  as  in  me,  leaving  off  e. 

NoTB. — ^For  pr%ctu«  ••  this  exercise  see  page  3  of  "  Phonographic  Copy-BooW 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


19.— READING   EXERCISE. 

<r^_....^  n.-x.-A.  .^..  ^...  .^ 


20.     The  hook  on  Hah  cannot  be  made  perfectly  when  Hah  is 
joined  to  Ja,   Va,  etc.,  but  an  imperfect  hook  or  oj^sei  is  made  on  the 
stems,  which  is  just  as  legible  to  the  student  as  the  complete  hoo'.v 
after  becoming  familiar  with  it. 

The  above  Reading  Exercise  contains  the  correct  consonant  out- 
lines of  the  following  words: 

21.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

a.  Pope,  pub,  pity,  pick;  bevy,  busy,  bush,  bijou;  T/>,bby, 
tidy,  tag;  daisy,  duly,  door,  dame,  deny;  check,  China,  cherry; 
Johnny,  gem,  jury,  Jehu*  keep,  Cady,  cage,  coffee;  Goth,  Gus- 
sie,   gush,    gaily 

d.  Fish,  fame;  vale,  valley,  veer,  vary;  theme,  thorough; 
sewer;    zeal;   sham,  shallow. 

c.  Lehigh,  lodge,  Lena,  lung,  league,  love,  lobby,  Lizzie,  Laura, 
Alma;  arm,  ark,  early,  Aurora;  rock,  review,  rib,  rich,  ridge,  rash, 
rely,  wreath,  renew,  rear. 

d.  Make,  mug,  meadow,  map,  move,  mail,  Mary,  maim,  money, 
among,  Mayhew;  nap,  into,  inch,  nag,  enough,  knoweth.^  noisy, 
Nash,  nail,   narrow,  anyway,  N.  Y.  (En-Va),  N.  H.  (En-Hah). 

e.  Await,  awoke.  Oyer,  Yahoo;  holy,  Harry,  honey,  ha-ha. 

Note.— Practise  on  pages  4  and  5  of  '*  Scott- Browne'*  Phonographic  Copy-Book." 


SCOTT-BROIVNE'S  TEXT-BOOK 


VOWELS  AND  VOWELIZATION, 

liE  S  SON      II. 

POSITIV   AND    RELATIV  VALUES. 

1.  The  sound  for  which  any  sign  or  letter  stands  is  called 
value  or  power  of  that  sign  or  letter  ;  and  if  that  si^  n  or  letter  never 
stands  for  any  other  value  or  power — never  changes  its  value,  but 
always  keeps  the  same — that  value  is  termed  fixed,  or  positiv,  or 
absolute, — all  three  of  these  words  being  in  use  to  express  the  same 
idea.  It  has  been  observed  in  the  foregoing  lesson  that  the  values 
of  the  fonografik  (phonographic)  consonant-signs  are  positiv,  fixed, 
unchanging;  that  is,  p  is  always  p,  and  d  always  d,  wherever  they  are 
written,  and  never  stand  for  the  sound  of  _/"  or  /  or  any  other  value 
than  each  its  own. 

2.  But  in  this  lesson  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  values  of  the 
simple  vowel  signs  are  not  positiv,  but  are  dependent  upon  their  rela- 
tion to  the  consonant  stem  for  their  values.  To  illustrate  :  A  heavy  dot 
written  opposit  the  beginning  of  a  stem  thus,  I  ,  is  called  e,  but  if 
this  same  dot  is  moved  down  opposit  the  middle  of   the  stem,  thus, 

•|  ,  it  is  called  a,  and  if  moved  again  down  opposit  the  end  of  the 
stem,  thus,  ,|  ,  it  is  called  ah;  thus  forming  a  short  scale  of  three 
sounds,  <r,  a,  ah, — the  consonant  stem  being  of  a  convenient  size  to 
furnish  three  distinctly  different  vowel  sounds.  By  this,  then,  it  is  seen 
that  the  simple  vowel  signs  do  not  have  fixed  values,  as  it  can  not  be 
known  what  to  call  a  dot  till  it  has  been  placed  hy  the  side  of  a  stem; 
hence,  it  is  said  that  the  vowel  signs  possess  relativ  value:  that  is, 
their  relation  to  the  stem  must  be  shown  before  it  can  be  known  wriai 
sound,  or  value,  to  giv  them. 

3.  The  vowel  signs,  then,  possess  not  positiv  but  relativ  value, 
and  are  represented  by  dots  and  dashes  written  in  three  different  places 
by  the  side  of  the  consonant  stem,  and  made  heavy  and  light  to  cor- 
respond with  long  a.nd  short  vowel  sounds. //.frtz/j  signs  for  long  voweh 
and  light  signs  for  short  ones. 

THE  VOWEL   SCALE,  OR  ALFABET. 

4.  There  are,  in  the  English  language,  sixteen  simple  vowel  ele- 
ments— six  long,  and  ten  short. — and  seven  compound  vowels,  or 
dlfthongs,  as  heard  in  the  following  words: — 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LONG  VOWELS. 

Br,  exx,  fare,  iar,  fall,  m^e, 

SHORT    VOWELS. 

It,  e\\,  up,  cur,  at,  ask,  log,  wh^le,  vtolf,  and  (,* 
the  initial  element  of  the  difthong,  z-dd,  heard  in  the  words  iluir,  rue, 
rude,  tune,  suit,  etc. 

COMPOUND   VOWELS,    OR   DIFTHONGS. 

A\t.,  o\A,  ice,  oil,  owl,  true,  pure. 

5.  For  practical  reporting  purposes  it  is  not  found  necessary  to 
represent  each  of  these  elements  with  a  distinct  sign  of  its  own. 
Eighteen  signs  are  regarded  sufficient— fourteen  simple  and  four  com- 
pound  signs.  Two  of  the  seven  difthongs — a  and  0 — are,  for  reasons 
not  necessary  to  explain  here,  classed,  in  fonografy  (phonography), 
with  the  simple  vowels  and  represented  by  simple  signs. 

LONG   VOWELS  AND  THEIR   SIGNS. 

6.  The  six  long  vowels  (including  a  and  o),  classed  together,  are 

as  follows: 

e  a  ah  aw  o  00 

and  represented  thus: 

.  1       -i       J       1      -!      J    - 

e  .      a  ah  aw  o  00 

W^  gave  alms  all  c^Id  fo^d. 

7.  When  a  vowel  sign  is  written  opposit  the  beginning  of  a  stem 
it  is  said  to  be  in  the  first  place;  when  opposit  the  middle  of  a  stem, 
in  the  second  place ,   when  opposit  the  end  of  a  stem,  the  third  place. 

8.  Observe  that  the  heginni7ig  or  first  place,  of  a  vowel,  is  where 
the  stem  begins  to  be  written.  The  first  place  of  Pe,  Cha,  Ef,  Ith,  etc., 
is  at  the  top  because  that  is  whewe  those,  stems  begin',  while  the  first 
place  of  La,  Ra,  Hah,  is  at  the  bottom,  because  that  is  where  those 
stems  begin.     (See  next  page,  lines  2-7,  first  and  fourth  columns.) 

g.  The  dash  signs  are  written  at  right  angles  to  the  consonant 
stem;  that  is,  in  an  opposit  direction  to  that,  of  the  stem.  (See  next 
page,  fourth,  fifth  and  sixth  columns.) 

10.  The  consonant  portion  of  a  word  is  written  first  and  the 
vowel  portion  afterwards. 

*  This  sound  '\s  formed  in  the  mouth  like  the  vowel  in  //.but  uttered  V^i^y^^ 
vowel  in  ///.from  the  back  of  the  mouth,  with  the  throat  as  nearly  in  position  for  sound- 
iir.;  U  (in  «/>)  as  the  tongue  can  allow  and  preserve  x\\q  form  of  I  (in  //). 


8 

SCOTT-BROWNE'S 

TEXT-BOOK 

II.— EXERCISE  ON  LONG  VOWELS. 

DOTS.                                                              DASHES. 

BEGINNING.               MIDDLE.                 END.                BEGINNING.           MIDDLE. 

BND. 

'....  1"".!'"':..  ;i'"^''^:..Up.a.e. 

.                               1 

"i"*Pl^^«-i  2nd  place. 
•• •■ 1 

^: 3rd  place. 

w-/ 

a 

ah 

a-lms 

a-W 

c-*-ld 

CO 

=. r... _..... 

•  .. — 

- 

1- 

..L 

Tc 

ta 

tab 

taw 

toe 

too 

3. ..... 

-V-    - 

.. ,  , 

... 

1 

.    . 

Key 

kay 

kah 

caw 

coe 

coo 

4.        y^, „„ 

^ 

.  <^ 

....<-. 

X. 

/v 

5. !.,....„. 

>. 

), 

,1 

....)- 

.). 

6.. OS 

^'^  -. 

..  .-Ok 

f^ 

/rr>.... 

■■'^, 

7. C„_„... 

(1..... 

...c 

...C 

...^... 

./I 

8.. 1 

.1 

- 

...-I 

..J 

Eat 

ate 

aht 

awt 

oat 

oot 

9- •— ._ 

• 

I 

1      . 

!  . 

Eke 

ache 

ahk 

awk 

oak 

ook 

lO. <_y 

....v^. 

...-^  ... 

.O 

.    .  ..Vs^i 

\ 
v_>'.... 

.1,. ^ 

.r... 

• 

...c 

.~:^ ... 

.  J'....... 

y 

...r.. 

::>. 

»....S\ 

..Th... 

?> 

OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


12.  Rule  III. — Vowels  that  are  read  before  a  consonant  are  writ- 
ten to  the  left  of  vertical  and  inclined  stems,  the  same  as  they  would 
be  in  longhand,  and  above  horizontal  stems,  the  same  as  an  upper  line 
of  writing  reads  before  a  lower  line.     Illustration: 


•\ 

.  -1 

v  -(  ...•).. 

.  .) ... 

....   .r... 

.  .r„ 

ope. 

aid. 

eve,         oath,       ace. 

ooze. 

eel. 

awl. 

^ 

• 

a                                 1 

<-N    .. 

..  ^^   ... 

^^  ... 

ore. 

eke, 

ache,           oak. 

aim. 

e'en. 

own. 

13.  Rule  IV. — Vowels  that  are  read  a//<fr  a  consonant  are  writ- 
ten to  the  right  of  vertical  and  inclined  stems,  and  below  horizontal 
stems.     Illustration: 


\ 

...  r... 

..  1- 

...^ 

._)-... 

..  ^„ 

..C-- 

^ 

<^- 

bow, 

tea. 

dough. 

M 

sow. 

shoe. 

law. 

ray. 

hah. 

-._ 

1 

-7- 

/^Tn     .. 

^^.  - 

..^^  .... 

..  v^ 

.  >^  .. 

..  ^^ 

key. 

coo. 

^^y. 

may. 

ma. 

kme. 

neigh. 

gnaw. 

know. 

14.  In  naming  the  letters,  or  signs,  of  fonografik  (phonographic) 
words,  be  careful  to  get  the  exact  sound  for  each  sign,  and,  after 
spelling  the  words  by  their  correct  sounds,  be  doubly  careful  to  pro- 
nounce them  exactly  as  they  were  spelled,     Illustration: 


L 


A 


a-p,  ape,  and  not  dp; 
t-a-m,   tame,  and  not  tdm; 
d-o-m,  dome,  and  not  ddmf 
t-a-k,  take,  not  tack; 
b-a-k,  bake,  not  back; 
r-a-t,  rate,  not  rat. 


In  this  way,  carefully  spell,  both  by  sound  and  name  of  each  sign, 
and  pronounce,  correctly,  the  fonografik  words  on  page  11. 


10  SCOTT.BROWNSrS  TEXT-BOOK 

15.  Do  not  allow  the  common,  printed  spelling  to  mislead  when 
spelling  a  word  in  fonografy.     Illustration: 

Ache,  d-k^  and  not  a-se-aitch-e : 

coo,  k-5d^  and  not  se-double-o; 

thaw,  Ith-aw,  not  te-aitch-a-doubleyou; 

eel,  ^-/,  not  double-e-l; 

talk,  t-aw-k,  not  t-a-el-k; 

though,  The-Oy  not  t-aitch-o-you-jemaitch; 

gale,  Ga-a-l,  not  je-a-l-e; 

shawl,   Ish-aw-l^  not  Es-aitch-a-doubleyou-l; 

rouge,  Ra-oo-Zhe,  not  ar-o-you-je-e. 

cage,  ,^-a-^',  not  se-a-je  e. 

16.  Write  no  more  signs  in  a  word  >than  there  are  sounds  heard 
In  its  pronunciation.  Silent  letters  seen  in  printed  words  are  never 
represented    in   fonografy.     Illustration:    Know,   «-<?  —  ^-^ ;    gnaw, 

n-aw  =-  t"-—^  ;   see,  s-e  =^  j  \   cope,  k-o-p  =>     '  \ 

17.  Before  writing  a  word  in  fonografy  pronounce  it  slowly  and 
then  sound  all  the  elements  separately,  heard  in  the  slow  pronunciation, 
in  order  to  determine  the  exact  sounds,  and  the  correct  n^ns  to  be 
written.     Illustration: 

Word.    Slow pronuH-    Separate   Names  of  conso-     Stem  out-     Name  0/ each      FuU^ 
ciation.  sounds. 

Zero,  zero,  z-e-r-o. 
Dado,  dado,  d-a-d-o. 
Cocoa,    c  o  c  oa,    k-o-k-o. 

Delay,     d  e  1  ay,    d-e-l-a, 

.■■) 

Note.— Remember  that  the  pen  must  not  be  lifted  till  all  the  consonant  items  of  an 
outline  are  written,  after  which  the  vowel  signs  are  placed. 


\nt  stems. 

line. 

sound. 

xvord 

Ze-Ra 

V 

Ze-e-Ra-o 

y. 

De-De 

De-a-De-o 
Ka-o-Ka-o 

- 

Ka-Ka 

1 1 

De-La 

k 

De-e-La-a 

k 

OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  \\ 


18.--READING   EXERCISE 

ON   LONG  VOWELS. 
1st  Place    Vowels, 

.3..Fr  r... !;:>.. l^ l^....<^..  Zi  .^-\....r^.<^ 

2ud  Place  Vowels. 

\A I-.... /..._^- -( .  >.  r  .3 .  ^  ->:  ^ 

t.  |.   i^  A  -A  -7.  T.__   , 

x\  XLA/V  /^.  x-  X"  ^...R  .^ 


12 


L 

s 


/^  vW".  ^v.  Y  v^  .>.j^  <^^  A 


^rd  Place    Vowels. 

■3.\. \. _    0    y  X^   ov.  ^-    c    /' 

.(  -;^ ^         '  ^ 


13  SCO TT-BRO  WIFE'S  TEXT-BOOK 

I9.^-W111TING_  EXERCISE  / 

ON   THE    LONG   VOWELS. 

Pea,  pa,  paw,  Po,  poo,  ape,  ope,  bay,  baa,  bow,  obey,  eat,  ate 
oat,  tea,  aid,  ode,  day,  dough,  age,  Jo,  eke,  ache,  oak,  key,  coo, 
gay,  fee,  fay,  foe,  eve.  oath,  thaw,  sou,  ace,  ooze.  Shah,  sha\v,  show, 
shoe,  lee,  lay,  lo.  eel,  ale,  awl,  aim,  ma,  knee,  gnaw,  woe,  woo.  yuh, 
yo,  haw,  hoe,  hah.  * 

Peep,  pope,  peach,  poach,  peak,  poke,  opaque,  Peko,  peal, 
pail,  pale,  Paul,  pole,  babe,  beat,  beet,  bait,  boat,  beach,  beak, 
bake,  bail,  ball,  bowl,  below,  beam,  tape,  teach,  teeth,  tail, 
tall,  toll,  team,  tame,  deep,  \^daub,  dado,  dale,  idole,  delay, 
deem,  dame,  dome,  cheap,  cheat,  Choate,  cheek,  cljalk,  choke, 
Job,  joke,  jail,  keep,  cape,  cope,  coach,  cage,  cakej  coke,  keel. 
coal,  comb,  gale,  goal,  game,  feed,  fade,  Fecjee,  faith,  famt^ 
foam,  veto,  evoke,  vague,  vogue,  thief,  thieve,  theme,  sheep,  shape, 
v§h5ik,  shake,  zeal,  leap,  lobe,  load,  leach,  liege,  leak,  lake,  leaf, 
loaf,  leave,  loathe,   leal,  lame,   leeway,  mope,   meek,  meal, 

male,   mail,    mole,    maim,    knave,   'neath,  name,   heap,  heat,    hate, 
heed,  hoed,  heath,  halo,  ho-ho,  ha-ha. . 

Write  Bi{iox  r  in  the  following  Words,  because  it 
lable: 

Ray,  raw,  rOw,  reap,  rope,  robe,  rate,  wrought,  wrote,  rcrd, 
raid,  roa^.  rowed,  reach,  rage,  wreak,  rake,  rogue,  wreath, 
wreathe,  rell|[^  ream,  roam,  Rome,  rear,  roar,  Reno,  ze^ro,  Ntnj 
hero. 


roa^.     rowed, 
ithe,    rellk   ream 


Writefli^  for  r  in  the  following  words,  bocausft 
lable: 

Ore,   oar,    pier,    iSeer,    pour,    bier,    bore,    tgai    iuk  ,  ut-^ 
chore,  jeer,  fear,  -four,  veer,  shear,  shoi-e,  leer,  lrr« 

Write^/  (^.lownward)  for  i  in  the  followinp  words,  bee 
final  and  preceded  by  either  /,  v  or  the  upwaid  r,  in  whi^ 
must  be  written  downward: 

Fail,  foal,  veal,  vale.  t%t\. 

Write  Sha  and\Zrt  (both  upward)  for  sh  and  /  in  the  . 
words,  because  th/y.  make  the  best  joining: 

Shawl,  shoal/shield,  leash. 


N 


OP"  PHOJ^OGRAPHY. 


18 


LS  SSON      III 


SHORT   VOWELS. 

I.     The  six  short  vowels,  classed  together,  are  heard  in  the  fo^^ 
lowing  syllables:  ^^P^ 


d{\)  «(t)  Mt) 


i 

•i 

»j 

: 

-| 

i 

jr 

i 

<i( 

d 

» 

^^ 

t 

uw 

flat 
ask 

on 

p/^p's 
cz^r 

iool 

and  are  represented  thus: 


/t 


2.  The  six  long  and  six  short  vowels  may  be  easily  memorized 
by  repeating  the  following  words  containing  them: 

W<f  gave  alms — all  c^ld  ioo6., 

e  a        a        a       d       do 

It  U\l    flat  —  on  pwp's  foot, 

it  et       at        ot     ut      oot 

3.  Rules  for  writing  vowels  heard  between  STEM  consonants: 

Rule    V.— All   first   place     and     the     two    long    second   place 
vowels,  a  and  0,  are  written  after  the  first  consonant.     Illustration: 


L   IL 


k 


peak 


biz 


talk       dock        bake      dome         cake 


I 
comb. 


Rule  VI. — All  the  third  place  and  the  two  short  second  place 
vowels,  /and  /?,  are  written  before  the  Jifc^?;/^  consonant.     Illustration: 


palm 


boom 


L      b 


/a^y& 


/^i?*^ 


neck 


numb 


XOTE, — If  first  place  vowels  were  written  before  the  second  stem, 
at;  i  third  place  vowels  after  the  first  stem,  it  would  bring  the  voivel 
signs  within  the  angles,  and  then  it  could  not  be  told  whether  the 
vowel  was  ^  first  place  one  to  the  second  stem  or  a  third  place  one  to 


e  first  stem.     Illustration 


:  V^ 


It  cannot  be  told  whether 


the  first  word  is  balm  or  beam^  or  the  second  word,  pack  or  pick\  but 


14 


SCOTT-BROWNS S  TEXT-BOOK 


by  applying  Rule  V.  the  following  word,  v-n  ,  is  known  to  be  beam, 
and  by  applying  Rule  VI.  this  word,  V'^  ,  is  known  to  be  balm. 
4.  The  second  place  vowels  could  be  written  to  either  stem,  but 
to  make  an  equal  division  of  the  signs  to  each  stem  it  was  thought 
best  by  Mr.  Pitman  to  write  the  long  ones  to  the  first  and  the  short 
ones  to  the  second  stem,  which  added  to  the  legibility  of  such 
words  as  \ —  bake^  >-;-  beck^  ^-^  dome^  [A\  dumb,  etc.,  when  in 
careless  or  rapid  writing  the  size  of  the  vowel  was  not  accurate. 


5.- 

-READING 

EXERCISE 

ON 

SHORT  VOWELS. 

r.         "1.. 

•  et 

.  at 

ot 

ut 

_  oot 

A      • 

U\\ 

fiat 

on 

pxp's 

ioot. 

St  Place   Vowels, 

V 


4.^  H'  r-v^  ^  ^  <-r  ^  C_  ^ 


2nd  Ftace  Vtwtt!. 


'•\  I  z:^  -) 


<>■  A  ^  (1^    /  A  A  ^ ^  , 

.0.  V  v^  Sd.  (x  /-"  /x  q-  w^ 


k 


\r 


■r 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  \K 


^rd  Place   Vowels, 

...  .1   ^  ;>  v^  v^   V  \ 

.4.  G  r 


6.— WRITING    EXERCISE 

ON  SHORT  VOWELS. 

Ebb,  abby,  odd,  eddy,  add,  itch,  etch,  edge,  echo,  ^^g,  ash,  ill. 
ell,  Ella,  alley,  Emma,  Anna,  pity,  petty,  patty,  putty,  pod,  pitch, 
patch,  pick,  peck,  pack.  Puck,  pig,  pygmy,  peg,  pug,"  pith, 
pussy,  push,  pill,  pull,  pully,  pink,  batch,  badge,  budge,  back,  book, 
big,  beg,  bag,  bog,  bug,  buggy,  bevy,  busy,  bush,  bushy,  bijou,  bill, 
billow,  bell,  ball6t  (ballay),  bung,  tip,  tap,  top,  tub,  attach,  touch, 
tick,  tack,  attack,  tuck,  attic,  tag,  tug,  taffy,  tally,  tarry,  Tenney 
tung,  tank,  dip,  ditty,  oddity,  dig,  dog,  dug,  death,  doth,  dell,  dull, 
dally,  doll,  dim,  dumb,  ding,  dong,  chip,  chap,  chop,  chat,  chick, 
check,  chill,  chilly,  chimney,  chink,  jib,  job,  jet,  jut,  Judd,  judge, 
Jack,  jockey,  jig,  jag,  jog,  jug,  gill,  jelly,  jolly,  gem,  Jennie, 
Johnnie,  Kipp,  cab,  cob,  cub,  Kitty,  catch,  cudgel,  Cudjo,  kick,  cook, 
keg.  cog,  coffee,  caf6,  kith,  cash,  calla,  callow,  king,  kink,  gig,  gag, 
Goth,  gush,  galley,  gull,  gully,  gum,  guinea,  gang,  gong,  fob,  fitch, 
fetch,  fudge,  fag,  fog,  foggy,  fellow,  fallow,  follow,  Fanny,  funny, 
fang,  valley,  volley,  vim,  thatch,  thick,  thicket,  thumb,  thong,  zinc, 
ship,  shop,  shabby,  shadow,  shock,  shook,  shaggy,  sham,  shank, 
lip,  lap,  lop,  elbow,  Libby,  lobby,  lad,  laddie,  ledge,  allege,  lodge, 
lick,  lack,  lock,  locket,  luck,  lucky,  look,  live,  love,  lofty,  loth,  lilly, 
loll,  iall,  limb,  lamb,  rally,  map.  mop,  mob,  Mattie,  meadow,  match, 
mock,  muck,  mug,  miff,  muff,  myth,  moth,  mash,  mush,  mashed, 
mill,  milk,  mellow,  mum,  mummy,  Minnie,  Moony,  many,  monk, 
nip,  nap,  knap,  nib,  knob,  Netie,  niche,  notch,  nudge,  nick,  neck, 
knack,    knock,    nook,    knag,    nag     gnash,    unluckv,    ninny,    Nancy. 


16  SCOTT-jBkOWNE'S   TEXTS 00 fC. 


APPLICATION   OF    R   STKMS, 

The  rules  governing  the  uses  of  upward  and  downward  R  can- 
not be  given  till  all  the  modifications  of  consonants  have  been 
presented.  Chapter  XII.  of  Part  II.  Text-Book  treats  of  the 
r-stems  in  all  their  relations,  the  first  part  of  which  chapter  would 
be  helpful  for  the  student  to  examine  in  th's  connection. 

Observe  the  engravings  thruout  this  book  for  the  uses  of  upward 
and  downward  r,  as  the  correct  employment  of  these  stems  will  pre- 
serve legibility  in  phonographic  outlines. 

Write  Er,  (downward  r),  in  ending  a  syllable,  thus'  Ear,  oar,  o'er, 
ark,  peer,  par,  fore,  poor,  tear,  tore,  fear,  Ehrich. 

"Write  Ra  (upward  r)  when  beginning  a  syllable,  thus:  (i.)  Rock, 
rug,  rack,  rig,  rip,  rap,  rot,  rut,  rib,  red,  rich,  wretch,  rook, 
ring,  rim,  rum,  ram;  (2)  when  terminating  the  consonant  form  of  a 
word  and  followed  by  a  vowel,  thus;  Perry,  Parry,  bury,  berry, 
cherry,  ferry,  Ferric;  (3)  when  followed  by/,  v,  th,  dh.  s,  z,  /,  d,  ch  or 
J,  thus:  Roof,  reeve,  Orth,  wreathe,  urso,  razee,  art,  arrayed,  arch, 
ridge;  (4)  when  r  immediately  follows  k,  £■,  m,  th,  or  dh,  thus:  Corc- 
geer,  mar,  theory,  thoraic;  (5)  when  r  follows  Ra  or  Hah,  thus: 
Rear,  roar,  Harry,  hurry,  hero. 

application  of  the  l  stem. 

The  rules  governing  the  uses  of  upward  and  downward  L  cannot 
be  given  till  all  the  modifications  of  consonant  stems  have  been  ex- 
plained. Chapter  XIII.  of  Part  II.  Text-Book  trcatcs  the /-stem 
in  all  its  relations,  the  sections  of  which  chapter,  referred  to  below, 
could  be  examined  to  advantage  in  this  connection. 

The  upward  and  downward  /,  unlike  the  upward  and  downward 
r  is  not  written  in  these  ways  so  much  for  legibility  as  to  favor  speed 
of  writing.  The  only  place  where  illegibility  or  conflict  could  occur 
is  where  the  fir -it  and  second  rules  (below)  are  violated. 

Write,  £/ (downward  /)  when  preceded  by  a  vowel  and  followed 
by  k,  g,  or  VI,  thus:  (i).  elk,  alack,  elect,  Alleghany,  alum,  elm; 
(2.)  When  final,  and  immediately  following/,  v,  th,  ("  Ra  and  h,  thus: 

rill,  hill  (see  section  «,  of  page  66,  Part  II.);  (3.)  When  preceded 
by  n  or  -ng,  thus:  Nellie,  kingly,  knell,  (see  section  3,  page  65,  Part 
11.);  (4.)  When  followed  by  the  consonant  stems  ;,  «,  or  //;,  thus; 
log,  lag,  leg,  Ilion,  Olney,  lung,  Lang,  lank. 

La  (upward  /)  is  used  in  all  other  cas.es;  see  sections  2,  4  and  6 
of  Part  II.,  Chapter  XIII.,  and  when  Part  I.  is  finished  and  that 
chapter  reached  in  the  study  of  Part  II.  it  must  be  thoroly  mastered. 


nf'-    PnOI^OGRAPHV. 


IjESSON      IV 


EXTRA  VOWELS  ' 

AND   THEIR   SIGNS. 

1.  The  vowels  ?  in  her  and  d  in  dare  are  not  classed  in  their 
proper  places  with  the  other  long  vowels,  partly  on  account  of  such 
an  arrangement  breaking  up  the  usual  six-vowel  order  of  long  and 
short  vowels,  and  partly  because  some  fonografik  authors  do  not  pro- 
vide for  their  representation,  but  use  as  substitutes  either  the  second 
place  light  dot  /  for  the  sound  of  e  in  her  and  i  in  sir  or  the  light  dash 
ii  for  u  in  cur,  and  the  second  place  heavy  dot  a  for  the  vowel  in  dare. 
It  is  much  better  that  these  distinct  sounds  have  distinct  signs  of  their 
own,  and  this  book  provides  proper  representation  for  them  as  fol- 
lows: 

2.  A  light  dash  written  in  second  place^  parallel  w  ith  the  stem 
for  the  vowel  in  her,  sir,  etc.,  and  in  third  place ^  parallel  with  the 

stem,   for  the  vowel    in   dare.     Illustration:    ^    err  \~    Goethe 

(Ge(r)tuh),        rt  air,-  V/  fairy, 

3.  The  vowel  in  ask,  past,  alas,  etc.,  is  the  true  short  mate  of 
the  vowel  in  far,  the  correct  sign  for  which  is  the  third  place  light  dot 
used  also  to  represent  the  sharper  vowel  heard  in  rat,  which  is  the 
short  mate  of  the  vowel  heard  in  air,  dare,  etc.  On  account  of  the 
similarity  of  these  two  vowels  it  is  not  necessary,  for  reporting  pur- 
poses, to  have  two  distinct  signs.  Should  a  distinct  sign  be  required, 
in  order  to  teach  exact  pronunciation,  the  light  third  place  parallel 
dash  can  be  used  to  represent  the  short  vowel  in  rat,  and  the  same 
sign  made  heavy  to  represent  the  long  vowel  in  dare, 

4.  The  vowel  heard  in  cur,  work,  journey,  etc.,  is  more  of  a 
guttura  than  the  one  heard  in  earnest,  mercy,  girl,  etc.,  and  is  repre- 
sented by  the  second  place  light  dash,  as  in  cup. 


5.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON   EXTRA   VOWELS. 

.'•.vi.A     -v^. -^ .>:. -^  .:\_. 


^■'^■^•^^ss 


^  L'  ^....Clr-J 


18  ^CO  TT.BR  O  WtriPS   TBXt.BOOK 

6.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

ON   EXTRA    VOWELS. 

Goethe,  Percy,  (^a  for  r),  mercy. 

Write  ^  for  r  in  the  following  words: 

Herb,  herbage,  herbal,  earl,  early,  er^o,  air,  airy,  pair,  pare, 
pear,  bear,  bare,  barely,  tare,  dare,  Adair,  fare,  fair,  affair,  lair. 

Write  Ra  for  r  in  the  following  wo?*ds:  Faljy,  Thayer,  rare,  mare , 
rarer  (three  lengths  of  Rd),  thus;  ^^...-^^'■^'^ 

Fair  day.    Percy  came  early.    Poor,  cheap  fare.    Rare,  early  pear. 


PUNCTUATION,  CAPITALS,    LrlPHASIS. 
I. — Th'^  punctuation  marks  used  in  fonografic  writing  are: 


..Period — Used  at  the  end  of 
complete  sentences. 

• .  Dash — Used    in  a  break   of 
sentences. 

..Parenthesis — Used  to  en- 
close parenthetical  remarks. 


U 

I    Bracket — Used  to  enclose  re- 
J        marks  by  reporter  or  editor. 


Hyphen — Used    to  indicate 
compound  words. 


..Emphasis— Used  to  indicate 
emphatic  words  and  sen- 
tences. 

Capitalizer — Used  to  denote 

—  capitalization  or  name,    and 

fthe  words  equal  to. 
...••..Pleasantry  OR   Laughter — 
Used    to     denote    mirthful 
Q  feeling. 

X Interrogation — Used  to  de- 

I  note  a  question. 

K Exclamation — Used  to  indi 

cate  feeling,    pathos,    won- 
der or  surprise. 


All  other  punctuation  marks  used  in  writing  and  printing  must 
be  supplied  in  the  transcripts  made  of  one's  shorthand  notes. 

2. — Capital  letters  are  indicated  thus: 

'  E,    ,   O,  Y^  N.  Y.,  (f"^    Lima. 

3. — In  letter  writing,  or  in  memoranda,  the  vowel  initials  01 
names,  if  preferred,  can  be  expressed  by  their  signs  written  in  the 
correct  vowel  place  by  side  of  the  cancelled  Te  stem,  thus: 

IE.-T0. 

4. — To  indicate  emphasis  in  print,  words  are  set  in  italic  letters. 
To  indicate  emphasis  in  Jonghand  writing,  words  are  underscored  by 
a  straight,  horizontal  line.  To  indicate  emphasis  in  fo:iografic  writ- 
ing, words  are  urler^cored  by  a  waved  line.     Illuscratiou: 

3eH       ^meUf^       r^/\ 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  i9 


DIFTHONC 

LESSON      V. 

;S,  OR  COMPOUND   VOWELS. 

1. 

i 

oi              ow               ew 

My 

b<?ys             ow\               fl^w. 

DIFTHONG    SIGNS. 

•r 

>                    '^                     < 

i 

oi                ow                ev 

\k         ow 


2.  The  difthong  signs  are  derived  from  the  letter  \(^  ,  or  in- 
clined cross,  thus: 

i 

ow 

Observe   that  in   writing  these   signs,    the   angle   should   be   made 
sharper  than  is  shown  in  the  cross. 

3.  The  difthong  signs  possess  fixed  values,  and  are  written  in 
the  most  convenient  place,  — usually  the  i/ii rd  p\a.ce. 

4.  The  difthong  following  r,  as  in  rude,  rumor,  rule,  etc.,  is  not 
so  sharp  as  that  heard  in  pure,  cure,  beauty,  etc.,  but  the  same  sign  is 
used  to  represent  both. 

5.  Initial  difthongs  should  be  written  first,  and,  if  convenient, 
joined  to  the  following  stem.     Illustration:     I.  Ida,    V.  ivy,     j  ice. 


6.—READING   EXERCISE 

ON  DIFTHONGS. 

■•\v  L  ^  _„  w  (v  )v  :>■    "^  J 

-■vr  '^  ^'  vv  V  ,^  u  b  _x  v 
4.\>  u/_^>   r>  ^  v^  ^  ^ 


^  SCOTT.BROIVNIPS  TEXT-BOOK 


^         7.--WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON   DIFTHONGS. 

Pie,  tie,  Ida,  Ike,  Guy,  fie,  vie,  ivy,  thigh,  sigh,  ice,  eyes,  shy, 
lie,  lye,  ally,  nigh,  high,  isle,  aisle,  pipe,  pike,  pile,  abide,  byway, 
tidy,  tithe,  time,  tiny,  dike,  dime,  idol,  chime,  China,  jibe,  kite, 
chyle,  chyme,  guide,  guile,  Fido,  five,  shiny,  like,  life,  alive,  lime, 
imbibe,  nwghty,  mile,  knife,  hypo,  height,  hide. 

Boy,  boil,  toy,  toil,  joy,  coy,  coil,  Voy,  avoid,  alloy,  oil,  annoy, 
noisy,  ahoy. 

Bow,  Dow,  cow,  vow,  row,  owl,  owlish  {ow-La-Sha),  chow-chow, 
couch,  gouge,  fowl,  foul,  avowed,  vouch,  loud,  mouth. 

Pew,  dew,  adieu,  due,  chew,  Jew,  cue,  thew.  Sue,  lieu,  hew,  hue, 
Hugh,  huge,  beauty,  duty,  dupe,  duke,  eschew,  juror,  juicy,  July, 
Jehu,  cube,  imbue,  mule. 

Write  ^  for -r in  the  following  words:  Ire,  pyre,  attire,  dire, 
gyre  {Ja-Er),  fire,  lyre,     tire,     Irish  {i^-Rr-U}^),  toiler,  lure,  allure 

Write  ^  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Rye,  wry,  ripe,  right, 
rite,  write,  Wright,  arrive,  writhe,  irate,  aright,  mire,  roy,  roil  {Ra- 
El),  roilly  (A'a-La),  rout,  rowdy,  rue,  pursue,  bureau,  jury,  fury, 
furore,  rude,  review. 

Write  El  iox  I  in  the  following  words:  File,  Nile,  foil,  roil, 
Hoy.e.  fowl,  foul. 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY.  21 


LBSSON     VI 


JOINED  VOWML-TICKS. 


I.  A  vowel  (belonging  either  to  the  dot  or  dash  class),  following 
a  difthong,  is  more  quickly  and  conveniently  represented  by  a  small 
tick  joined  to  the  difthong  sign,  and  written  in  the  direction  of  TV 
on  oi  and  e-w^  and  of  Ka  on  i  and  ow,  7^ 


2.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  JOINED  VOWEL  TICKS. 


..4   ^-    ■>   S     Y  V^  \^   W    kr-   ^ 

?■ 

^-  ^  j:/  u  ^  v^  Ki  ^  -^,  AT  ^ 


3.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON   JOINED  VOWEL  TICKS. 

Iota,  Iowa,  lona,  piety,  pious,  bias,  Tioga,  diet,  dial,  Viola, 
scion,  Zion,  boyish,  coyish,  voyage,  towel,  dewy,  Dewey,  JewciS, 
duel,  dual,  jewel,  Jewish,  Shuey,  annuity. 

Write  Er  for  r  in  the  following  words:  Dyer,  power,  tower, 
dower,  shower,   jeweler,  fewer,  sewer,  newer. 

Write  Ra  for  r  in  the  following  words:   Diary,  fiery,   r^ot,   Ryan, 
miry,  higher,  royal  {Ra-^  royally  {Ra-La),  cower,   Roweli  V'^-^f'^^ 
jewelry,  ruin,  renewal  (^/stem),  hewer. 

Write  £/  for  /  in  the  following  words:  Vial,  viol,  lion.^royal, 
vowel,  Roweli.  Howell,  fuel,  Newell,  renewal. 


SCOTT-BROWNKS  TEXT- BOOK 


CIRCLES    AND   LOOPS, 

LESSON      VII. 


BRIEF  ADDITIONAL  SIGNS   FOR   S  AND  Z. 

1.  The  frequently  occurring  sounds  of  s  and  z  are,  in  a  large 
class  of  words,  represented  by  a  small  circle,  o  ,  named  Is  or  Iz,  used 
at  the  beginning  of  stems,  between  stems,  and  at  the  end  of  stems, 
thus  securing  convenience  in  joining,  brevity  of  outline,  and  greater 
ease  and  rapidity  in  writing. 

2.  The  circle  is  joined  to  straight  stems  by  a  leftward  motion 
of  the  pen,  moving  in  three  distinct  directions,  as  shown  in  this  little 
square  joined  initially  to  the  Pe  stem,  \  ,  while  a  fourth  direction 
forms  the  stem. 

3.  The  circle  is  always  written  on  the  concave  side  of  a  curve 
thus:    \_ 

4.  In  joining  the  circle  to  any  stem,  either  initially  or  finally, 
let  the  first  and  last  movements  be  at  right  angles  with  the  stem. 
Illustration: 

>0    \i         b     b         6       6  o-ii  q_jo        J    J  ^     cT 

vjjVj)    CC    c)o)    aVo/     b    (^  <o>  <r^    °~^  °^ 

Let  the  learner  practise  on  the  squares  until  without  their  aid  a 
perfect  circle  can  be  easily  formed. 

5.  The  circle  has  no  effect  upon  vowelization.  A  vowel  heard 
either  before  or  after  a  consonant  represented  hy  sl  stem  is  always 
written  before  or  after  the  stem,  whether  a  circle  is  on  the  siem  or 

not.    Illustration:    \  up.   A,    sup,  \m  pie,  \v  spy,       '  eat,     1    seat, 
_!__  ac/ie,   Q_»_  sake. 

6.  A  vowel  is  never  read  before  an  initial  circle.  The  initial 
circle  always  reads  first,  and  then  any  vowel  that  may  be  before  the 
stem,   and  then  the  ste/n,  and  then  any  vowel  that  may  follow  the 

stem.     Illustration:      f  settee,     .jy-    satiety,  "f.     soda.     See   page  24, 
line  4.  I 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  23 


7.  Initial  s  is  expressed  on  the  Hah  stem  by  a  circle  in  the  place 
of  the  hook.  Illustration:  <j*C  Soho.  See  line  4,  seventh  and  eighth 
words  of  page  24. 

8.  Initial  z  is  always  represented  by  the  stem.  See  page  25, 
line  16. 

9.  The*  circle  at  the  end  of  stems  is  always  read  last.  A  vowel 
cannot  read  after  a  circle  because  the  circle  furnishes  no  places  in 
which  three  different  vowels  could  be  written.     See  page  24,  line  5. 

10.  A  circle  between  two  straight  stems  running  in  the  same 
direction,  is  written  by  the  same  motion  of  the  pen  as  the  circle  on  a 
single  straight  stem.     See  page  24,  line  6. 

11.  A  circle  between  straight  stems,  struck  in  different  directions, 
is  written  outside  of  the  angle.     See  page  24,  line  7. 

12.  A  circle  between  a  straight  line  and  a  curve,  is  always  written 
on  the  concave  side  of  the  curve.     See  page  25,  line  8. 

13.  A  circle  between  Em  and  any  other  curve,  when  it  cannot 
come  within  the  curve  of  both  stems,  is  written  on  the  concave  side 
of  Em.     See  page  25,  line  9. 

14.  A  circle  between  Ef,  Un^  and  La,  and  between  La  and  Ve, 
and  La  and  Ith,  is  written  on  the  concave  side  of  La.  See  page  25, 
line  ID. 

15.  The  circle  between  other  curve  combinations  is  written  on 
the  concave  side  of  both  curves.     See  page  25,  line  11. 

LARGE    CIRCLE    FOR   SES,    SEZ,    ZEZ. 

16.  The  double  sound  of  s  or  z — ses,  sez,  zez — is  expressed  by  a 
large  circle  in  such  words  as — 

V .X) h. Y -^ J> 

passes,       possess,        teases,       possessed,        excessive,  races. 

17.  The  use  of  a  double-sized  circle  to  express  the  double  sound 
of  s  and  z,  allows  the  plural  ending  of  words  to  be  formed  in  analogy 
with  words  in  the  singular  number  terminating  with  the  small  circle. 
Illustration: 

% \0  ^  _D ^ ^. 

piece,  pieces,  case,  cases,  rose,  roses'. 


34  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXTBOOK 

also  the  third  person  singular  of  such  verbs  as  end  with  the  small 
circle  is  expressed  with  the  large  circle.     Illustration: 

I' 6 A ^... 

toss^  tosseSt  rise,  rises. 

See  page  25,  lines  12  and  13. 

18.  A  third  sound  of  j-  following  ses,  sez,  zez,  is  expressed  by  a 
small  circle  on  the  back  of  the  large  circle.     Illustration: 

^ .No -lO    oi^ J^.. 

possesses^       abscesses^  excesses,  successes,  recesses. 

See  page  25,  line  14. 

19.  The  vowel  /,  heard  in  sez,  is  never  written;  but  if  any  ot\\t 
vowel  than  /  occurs  between  the  s  ox  z  sounds,  it  is  written  if  legi- 
bility requires  it.     Illustration: 

-f -^ \5) \j) 

exists  exhaust,  basis,  bases^ 

See  page  25,  line  15. 

Initial  Z  must  be  expressed  by  the  stem.       S(  e  line  16,  page  25. 
20.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  CIRCLES. 


'■X   A   \  .r   p  r-   fv  <r  vf  r 


V 


A 


P 


^  ")  ^  J  .r  '^  ^  ^  ^ 
4.r'  -r.  a^  ?^  K  \>/  v^  <^-  k  tf^ 
5.\o  V  X  V  L"  L-  /•  •/  _,..  A 
6.  [;   f    j,:  _a_  _^  ^^  .^^  J--"  ^  -i 

:,V       V-    J-      /        ^  ■-\  vf   /-   A   ci-' 


OF     PHONOGRAPHY.  fQ 


> 

"A.   ,V  L-    b    I....  6'   ^    ^  ^ J> 

n-A    <^  "io  ^  1^   ^/v   ■■"3    ai)  .xP vX)^ 

I 

.6>-  )^  k  .1^  H   l^ 


21.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON    CIRCLES. 

Soap,  soup,  sips,  saps,  seat,  stays,  stows,  stew,  suit,  sight,  «5ty, 
seed,  said,  sad,  sawed,  sowed,  soda,  suds,  seeds,  sage,  sages,  seige, 
sedge,  sausages,  seek,  sake,  sick,  sacks,  success,  successes,  Sussex, 
sag,  sago,  safe,  sofa,  save,  seive,  sythe,  size,  sizes,  seize,  seizes, 
sash,  sashes,  seal,  seals,  sails,  sale,  solo,  sorry,  sorrows,  sore,  sere, 
sour,  sire,  sir,  Sam,  seam,  sum,  psalm,  sin,  son,  sun,  sane,  sig^n, 
sneeze,  snows,  sing,  sang,  sung,  sway,  sways,  Swiss,  Soho,  Sahara. 

Pass,  piece,  peace,  passes,  pieces,  pace,  paces,  pause,  pauses 
posses,  possesses,  base,  bays,  boys,  abase,  abases,  abuse,  abscesS, 
abscesses,  tease,  teases,  days,  dose,  doze,  dozes,  disease,  diseases, 
cheese,  cheeses,  chase,  chews,  etches,  ages,  joys,  Jews,  juice,  rejoice, 
rejoices,  kiss,  kisses,  Cass,  Cass's,  case,  cases,  oaks,  aches,  echoes, 
ox,  ax,  axfis,  axis,  axCs,  excess,  excesses,  excuse,  excuses,  exercise, 
exercises,  exercised,  guess,  guesses,  gaze,  geese,  goose,  gas,  gases, 
gauze,    Guy's,    face,    faces,    vase,    vases,   vice,    vices,    voice,    voices 


20  SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TBXT-BOOK 

rows,  views,  reviews,  thighs,  oaths,  shows,  shoes,  ashes,  lace,  laces 
loose,  looses,  lose,  loses,  lease,  allays,  alleys,  Ellis,  Alice,  raise,  (ifti 
for  r)  raises,  race,  races,  recess,  recesses,  rise;  arise,  (^  for  r)  arises, 
arouse,  arouses,  erase,  erases,  ears,  oars,  errs,  airs,  miss,  misses, 
muss,  aims,  noise,  annoys,  noises,  nose,  niece,  nice,  ounce,  ounces, 
woes,  woos,  yeas,  hose,  haze,  hiss,  hisses,  house,  houses,  hews, 
hues,  Hughes,  hies,  Hayes,  pushes,  bushes,  tushes  (upward  stem,  Sha^ 
iox  sh  following  TV,  Z^lf,  Ef,  La^  Ra,  ana  JTaK),  dishes,  dashes,  fishes, 
lashes,  luscious,  rushes,  hushes,  possessed,  pp^ify,  passive,  passeth, 
pestle  (/>-j-/),  puzzle,  poison,  obesity,  beset, -^sides,  beseech,  basks, 
abusive,  bustle  {Jt-s-l),  baser,  besom,  business,  basin,  baseness,  ab- 
sence, upset,  tasty,  outside,  task,  tassel,  teasel,  desk,  dusk,  dusky, 
dusty,  decides,  decisive,  diseased/  docile  (either  upward  or  downard  /), 
desire,  desirous,  disrobe,  dislike,  dispels,  disloyal,  dozen,  Chesapeake, 
chosen,  chisel,  Jason,  jostle,  cusp,  cask,  cassock,  excessive,  chasm, 
cosmos,  cousin.  Casino,  castle  {k-s-l),  Castile  {k-s-t-l),  gasp,  gossip, 
gusto,  guzzle,  fiasco,  fizzle  (^/  stem),  fosil,  vessel,  vassal,  visage, 
thistle  {El  stem),  li^,  receive  {r-s-v),  misty,  mask,  listen  {Ei  stem) 
lessen,  lesson,  loosen,  reason,  risen,  rosin,  resume  remiss,  missile, 
muzzle,  music,  musk,  mosque,  mistletoe  {m-z-l),  mouser  {Ha  stem), 
miser,  misery,  honesty,  nasty,  necessity,  necessary,  nestle,  nozzle, 
insist,  resist,  subsist,  desist,  system,  scissors,  saucer,  season,  Susan, 
schism,  Sicily,  successive,  unsafe,  unseen,  Owasco,  anxiety,  anxious 
{Ing-Ish-Is),  hasty,  hastily,  husk,  hassock,  husky,  hustle  {La  stem), 
hasten,  Hosannah,  hussar  {Ra  stem^ 

SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Miss  Dewey's  roses.  Laura's  peaches.  Olive's  niosses.  Leave 
Johnny's  books.  Naughty  Darius  Howe  chews  gum.  Kuiie 
loves  nice,  rich  coffee.  Miss  Lillie  Snow  ale  savory  soup 
Choose  right  ways.  Resist  laziness.  Lizzie  eats  ripe,  juicy  pears. 
Maurice's  slow  co?.i2i.  Sadie's  ice  houses.  Newell  Dyer's  sons  rise 
early.  Viola  passas  Jennie's  house.  Sadie  supposes  wrongs.  Lucy 
loves  Johnny.  ,  Susan  rose  sad.  Lizzie  sings  Katie's  merry  song. 
Johnny's  cows'.eat  husks.  Dogs  chase  cows.  MoUic  hates  snow. 
Chicago's  chime-bells  ring  merry  music.  Tommy's  owl  eats  mice 
Honesty  satisfies  reason.  Boys  lea^)  slow.  Lena  luves  raun 
days.     Seek  happiness. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  27 


LESSON    VIII 


LOOPS    FOR   ST  AND   STR. 

1.  A  small  loop  written  initially  on  stems  expresses  initial  st 
sounds;  written  finally,  expresses  ^«a/ f/ or  «</  sounds.    Illustration: 

\  step,  •[  state,  c»2_  steak,  .(T  still,  ^  star,  cf^  starry, 
^rS  stem  5^  stony,  ^.  past  or  passed,  _-c>  guest  or  guessed,  /r^ 
mist  or  missed,  O?  honest,  ^^  abused,  —^  gazed,  ^f^  aroused,  ^s 
housed.     See  lines  1-3  below. 

2.  A  large  final  loop  on  stems  expresses  str.  Illustration: 
\i.    pastor,      ^~    toaster,    vb"     faster,     r^    Lester,     0'    yester.     See 

line  4  below. 

3.  A  circle  in  written  on  the  back  of  loops  to  express  s  ox  z  fol- 
lowing st  or  r/n  Illustration:  «*  posts,  ^  posters.  See  line  5 
below. 

4.  The  loops  can  be  used  in  the  middle  of  words  provided,  at 
the  point  of  junction,  the  stems  do  not  cross  each  other.  If  the  stems 
cross,  the  loop  is  reduced  to  the  value  of  the  s  circle.  Illustration: 
\^  destiny,  b>^  testify,    Ol  yesterday.     See  line  6  below. 


5.~READING    EXERCISE 

ON    ST   AND    STR    LOOP. 

\ 

.•f  .  .  -f'     /       ^      t^    i^  .  "^ 

>- 

-  X , 

...  \ 

i- l<   .  /  .  ^  w  r...  r:_ . 

3-^.. 

A 

--.^   r»     .    <^ia   ...S^    ..V?  ..."^       ^ 

^ 

.4..^ 

..  t)-. 

-  5-       -^     ^     f?      J^s      ^     ko 

J? 

5-^.. 

..^ 

i ..  t-  ^.   -r  .  r...  A  is' .  ^ 

^ 

.^-4 

1 

■^  h  .h..:^../]r-  ,r^ 

4 

28 


SCOTT.BROWNRS   TBXT-BOOK 


6.— WRITING   EXERCISE 

ON  ST  AND  STR  LOOPS. 

Steep,  step,  stop,  stoop,  stab,  stub,  stale,  stout,  steady,  study, 
stitch,  stage,  steak,  stake,  stick,  stack,  stalk,  stocky^  stuck,  stucco, 
stag,  stiff,  stuff,  staff,  stave,  stove,  Stacy,  steal,  steel,  s^ale,  stall 
stole,  stool,  still,  stilly,  Stella,  style^  steer,  star,  store,  stairry,  stdry, 
steam,  stem,  stony,  sting,  stung.       :  ; 

Pieced,  paste,  paced,  pest,  pester,  past,  passed,  post^,  posters, 
beasts,  baste,  boasts,  boaster,  boost,  bust,  busts,  abased,  abused, 
teased,  taste,  toast,  toaster,  tests,  attest,  dost,  dust,  dusters;  adduced, 
doused,  chaste,  chased,  chests,  Chester's,  jests,  joist,  cased,  kissed, 
cast,  castor,  coast,  coaster,  costs,  Custer's,  gazed,  guests,  guessed, 
ghosts,  aghast^^feasts,  faced,  fist,  fast,  faster,  fussed,  Foster,  veist, 
vast,  vaster,  least,  laced,  list,  lest,  Lester's,  last,  lusterl  loosed, 
erased,  erst,  arrest,  aroused,  raced,  rpast,  roaster,  wrist  iustl  roused, 
roosts,  roosters,  mists,  missed,  asts,  n|asters,  amdssed,  jamused, 
most,  musters,  nests,    Nast,   honest,   Nestor,   songster,   song- 

sters, waste,  waists.  West,  Wistar,  Worcester  (Wooster),  yeast, 
yester. 

Artist  {Ra  for  r),  artists,  reduced,  richest,  rejoiced,  refused,  re- 
used, upraised,  ballast,  tallest,  utmost,  teamster,  dullest,  coolest, 
calmest,  mildest,  forests,  forester,   fensed,   evinced,  announced. 


7. — SHORT    SENTENCES. 

Lester  likes  rest.  Teamster  Post  chased  Chester  West.  Wislar's 
stomache  s'uff.  Worcester's  best  yeast.  Coolest,  dullest,  tallest  for- 
ester. Songsters  sing  artistic  music,  announced.  Stella's  music  kissed 
starry  luster  in  stilly  eve.  Jack's  master  testifies  last.  Costly  stove 
paste.  Jesters  master  songsters.  Teamsters  waste  costly  dusters. 
Artistic  songsters  master  music.  Hester  testifies  lest  ministers 
sophistry  master  reason. 


%. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  29 


SEMICIRCLES    AND    HOOK 

LESSON     IX. 


BRIEF   SIGNS   FOR    WA    AND    YA, 

SEMICIRCLES, 
<    WS,   5    Wu,     u  Ye,    «    YH. 

1.  Small  semicircles  for  w  and  ^  are  employed  in  a  large  class 
of  words,  adding  geatly  to  legibility,  and  facilitating  ease  and  speed 
of  writing.     Illustration: 

•\ ^. -1 ; ^..j ^ .j.^....^. 

weep,       web,     waits,    watch,    walks,    yacht,     yokes,     unyoke,  yellow. 

2.  The  small  circle  is  conveniently  written  within  JV/ a-nd  Wu 
signs  to  express  sw  in  certain  words.     Illustration: 

\ ..:r i_ o %j. 

sweePf  sweet,  swig,  swings,  suavity. 

WA   HOOK   ON   LA,    RA,    EM,    UN. 

3.  Brief  Wa  is  joined  to  La,  Ra,  Em,  and  Un,  as  a  hook.  Illus- 
tration:  6     7vail,  <^  wore,  er^  went,  ^j^^  wen.  See  next  page,  lines  6-7. 

4.  The  circle  for  initial  s  is  written  on  the  Wa  hook  of  Ra,  but 
never  on  the  hooks  of  La,  Em,  and  Un — the  circle  and  Wa  stem 
being  used  for  sw  preceding  these  three  stems.  Illustration:  ©^  swore, 
°^^  swells.     See  next  page,  line  8. 

YI,    YOI,    vow.    . 

5.  The  trifthongs  7?,  yoi,  yow,  are  expressed  by  brief  Ya  joined 
to  the  difthong  signs.     Illustration: 

/^. „.,..c:> 

genii,  Honeoye,  meow. 

Note  {a). — In  joining  WU  to  Pe,  Be,  Ka,  Ga,  and  Ing,  observe 
'hat  the  motions  of  the  pen  are  similar  to  those  made  in  forming  '<•. 
plain  figure  2. 

{b).—\x\.  joining  Wi  to  TV,  De,  Cha,  Ja,  and  Ish,  observe  that 
the  motions  of  the  pen  are  like  those  made  in  forming  a  figure  9, 
while  Ye  is  joined  to  TV,  De,  and  Ith,  by  a  motion  similar  to  th?'  in 
forming  a  figure  7. 


C 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TEXTBOOK 


6.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  SIGNS. 


..k  A.  t :! 1 •]..  1-  a-  ; /.. 


\^ 


6..r  .f  r  .c  ^  a         f      ^K 


7.— WRITING    EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  SIGNS. 

Wipe,  web,  Webster,  witty,  wittily,  wet,  wettest,  wait,  witticism, 
weeds,  wade,  wades,  widows,  widest,  witch,  bewitch,  watch,  wage, 
wedge,  weak,  wake,  walk,  woke,  wicks,  wax,  waxes,  waxed,  wigs, 
wife,  waif,  woof,  weave,  weaves,  wives,  withe,  wash,  wing,   wings. 

Sweep,  swop,  swoop,  swab,  sweet,  sweeter,  sweetest,  sweetly, 
sweat,  Swede,  swayed,  switch,  swig,  suave,  suavity,  swath,  swathe, 
swash,  swing,  swung,  assuage,  assuages,  unswayed,  unswathe, 
Zouave. 

Weal,  wall,  wall,  wallow,  wool,  wooly,  Wallace,  Willis,  Wells, 
willow,  welcome,  wellfare,  wealth,  unwell,  unwieldy,  unwelcome, 
wealthy,  Willoughby,  war,  wore,  weary,  wary,  worry,  wear,  ware, 
wares,  beware,  worse,  worst,  worth,  worthless,  worthy,  unworthy, 
warm,  worm,  wormwood,  swore,  swear,  swears,  soir6e,  swarm, 
swarms,  swarthy,  wammel,  wem,  wean,  wane,  win,  wins,  winnow, 
wen,  wan,  won,      wanes,      wince,  winces,  winced,  windy,  window. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  ^\ 

queen,  queenly,  quince,  quinces,  equinox,  twine,  twines,  entwine, 
twin,  twins,  twain,  twinge,  twinges,  piquancy,  twirl,  queer,  qualm, 
wigwam,  quincy,  quench,  quinzy,  quantum,  Dwinnell,  query, 

quarry,  Edwin. 

Yacht,  yoke,  unyoke,  yak,  youth,  Uriah,  Yulee,  Yale,  yell, 
yellow,  yellowish,  (upward  stem  for  j//),  yawl,  yelp,  yelk,  yore, 
{Er  stem),  yarrow,  {^Ra  stem),  yam,  yon,  yawns,  Eunice,  uinique, 
unity,  young,  y(  ungster,  yank. 

Genii,  Honeoye,  meow. 


8. — SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Willie  Wallace  works.  Willie  Woods  sings  sweetly.  Eunice 
waxes  warm.  Young  Yulee's  yacht.  Worthy's  young  wife.  Win- 
nie's weak  kitty  '*  meows  "  Wednesday.  Yellow  dogs  wag  yellow 
tails.  Wet  dogs  yelp.  Willis  sweeps.  Edwin's  wife  walks  Wednes- 
day. Wage  war  young  swells,  unworthy  youths.  Willie's  bees 
swarm  warm  windy  wet  days.  Swing  young  wives  sweetly.  Dis- 
suade Webster's  unwelcome  youngster.  Welcome  wealth,  worthy 
youths. 


SCOTT-BROWNKS   TEXT-BOOK 


LESSON 


BRIEF    WA  AND    YA  SIGNS  DISJOINED. 

1.  The  semicircles  for  the  coalescents,  W{po)  Yi/)  cannot  be  con- 
veniently joined  between  stems  or  at  the  end  of  stems,  in  a  large 
class  of  words — especially  words  containing  the  y{e)  element — and 
are,  therefore,  disjoined  and  written  in  the  vowel  places,  taking  the 
order  of  vowel  sounds  and  made  heavy  when  in  the  place  of  long 
vowels  and  light  when  in  the  place  of  short  ones. 

2.  Tabular  view  of  brief  Wa  and  Ya  in  vowel  places: 

WA      SSRIBS. 


Long. 

Short. 

c  we 

in 

week 

c  wl 

in 

wit 

<  wa 

•• 

wake 

c  we 

» 

wet 

c  wa 

« 

■waft 

c  wa 

<i 

wag 

>  wa 

in 

wall     1 

D    MO 

in 

wot 

•>  wo 

<i 

woke 

0  wu 

M 

wun 

>  woo 

H 

wooed 

TA      SB 

o  woo 

RIBS. 

M 

wool 

Long. 

^ 

Shoi-t. 

|w   ye 

in 

year  1 

uyl 

in 

yit 

w  ya 

•t 

yale 

u  ye 

•• 

yet 

u  ya 

M 

yard    1 

u  ya 

M 

yalc 

A  ya 

In 

yawn 

n  yo 

in 

yon 

f,     yo 

ii 

yoke 

r.  yu 

<t 

young 

A    yoo 

•1 

you     1 

A  yoo 

« 

Yucatan 

Note  (a). — The  iv  signs  are  made  from  a  circle  cut  in  two  verti- 
cally, thus:  (f)  while  for  the  y  signs  it  is  cut  in  two  horizontally, 
thus:  — O- 

{b). — The  w  sign  in  dot  vowel  places  opens  to  the  right,  or 
towards  the  east,  while  the  7U  sign  in  dash  vowel  places  opens  to  the 
left  or  towards  the  west;  and  the  y  sign  in  dot  vowel  places  opens 
upward,  or  towards  the  north,  while  the  y  sign  in  dash  vowel  places, 
opens  dowmvard,  or  towards  the  south. 

Note  {c). — Observe  that  the  vowel  sound  in  Wi  and  Yi  is  that 
of  a  dot  vowel,  hence  Wi  and  Yi  arc  the  signs  used  in  the  dot-vowe^ 
places. 

(</). — The  vowel  sound  in  Wii  and  YU  is  that  of  a  dash  vowel, 
hence  Wu  and   Yit  are  used  in  dash-vowel  places. 


OF     PHONOGRAPHY.  g) 


W   AND   y   EQUIVALENTS. 

3.  Before  giving  a  list  of  words  illustrating  the  use  of  the  dis- 
joined semicircles,  it  will  be  an  advantage  to  the  student  to  under- 
stand clearly  the  alfabetic  equivalents  of  w  and  y. 

The  sound  represented  by  w  is  the  same  as  u  in  quick  and  nearly 
the  same  as  00  in  coo  (being  briefer  in  pronunciation  than  00,  and  in 
some  words  more  like  00  in  foof),  and  the  final  element  of  the  dlf- 
thongs  o,  ow,  ew, — as  will  be  easily  perceived  by  the  slow  pronuncia- 
tion of  o=Q-oOy  07v=ah-oo,  e%v=^e-oo. 

4.  The  sounds  represented  by  y  in  you  a.nd  pi^y  are  the  same  as 
c  in  dg  and  {  in  ///  but,  when  followed  by  another  vowel  sound  in  such 
words  as  beaut<f^«s,  opiate,  etc.,  the  ^  becomes  shorter  and  the  i 
sharper,  producing  a  short  sound  like  unaccented  ^  in  the  syllable  ie 
in  behold.  Y-a,  e-a,  and  i-a;  y-o,  e-o,  and  t-o,  when  quickly  pronounced, 
are  one  and  the  same  thing.  For  example,  the  syllable  io  in  folio,  can 
be  spelt  three  ways — folio,  foleo,  folyo — and  indicate  the  same  pronun- 
ciation. 

5.  The  following  words  contain  tuipo)  and  y{e)  sounds  repre- 
sented in  different  ways  by  alfabetic  equivalents,  without  changing  the 
pronunciation:  Iowa=-Io-ooa=Ioa;  Owen=Oooen=Oen;  bowie=— 
bo-ooy  =-bo-i;  boa  — bo-ooa  — bowa;  bivouac  =bivooac  =  bivwac, 
quick-»"kooik=kwik;  twig==tooig==tuig;  sweet==sooeet=sueet;  Yale=— 
g5le  =  i5le=;  yank  =  gink  =  link;  India— Indea=  Indya;  opiate  = 
opeate=opyate  ;  atheist==-athi-ist==athyist ;  carrier=carre-er=carry- 
er;  anterior=antereor=antery-or. 

6.  There  are  a  few  words  in  which  the  syllabication  might  seem 
changed  by  the  use  of  a  sign  that  suggested  the  letter  y — such  as 
\/^  barrier,  r^y^  merrier,  the  fonografic  forms  of  which  sug- 
gest the  spelling  of  the  words  with  a  y  and  tzvo  I's,  instead  of  three, 
thus:  ineryer,  baryer,  and  syllabized  thus,  mer-yer,  bar-yer,  instead  of 
thus,  niery-er,  bary-er;  but  as  there  are  no  such  words  as  mer-yer  and 
bar-yer,  no  confusion  can  arise  by  the  use  of  the  y  sign.  The  words 
collier  {yer),  lawyer,  etc. ,  would  never  be  pronounced  colly-er,  lawy-er, 
for  the  reason  that  there  are  no  such  words  in  the  language.  English 
speaking  students  will  have  no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  between 
these  two  classes  of  words. 


34       SCOTT-BROWNE'S   TSXT-BOOfC 

7.  There  are  a  few  concurrent  vowels — the  initial  one  of  which 
i«!  accented — which  better  be  expressed  by  their  separate  signs,  thus: 

j: \^ ^ ^ ,r. re d 

idea,        pian,        seance,         eon,  eoliSy  Leo,         Leon, 

writing   nearest  to   the  stem  that  vowel  which  is  heard  next  to  the 
stem. 

8.  The  concurrent  vowels  in  such  words  as  bowie,  boa,  doughy, 
Owen,  etc.,  are  more  conveniently  and  quickly  expressed  by  the  dash 
for  0  and  a  brief  w  sign  joined,  than  by  the  exact  vowel  signs  written 
separately — taking  advantage  of  the  terminal  00  or  w  element  of  o, 
and  representing  it  by  the  brief  w  sign,  which  sign  carries  with  it,  or, 
at  least,  suggests  on  account  of  its  names,  We  and  Wii,  an  accom- 
panying short  vowel  sound,  dot  or  dash,  according  to  the  direction  in 
which  it  opens.  Illustration:  ^  bowie,  x^  doughy,  vl^  or  vi> 
Owen,  "^  oasis  —  using  <"  Wi,  because  it  represents  w  with  a 
</<?/ vowel  sound  following  it.  \  boa,  \.^  Noah  —  using  3  Wu, 
because  it  represents  w  with  a  ^aM  vowel  sound  following  it  —  the 
vowel  sounds  in  these  words  being  invariably  pronounced  in  ordinary 
speech  (even  by  the  best  scholars),  nearer  like  the  vowel  in  up  than 
like  short  ah.  By  taking  advantage  of  this  pronunciation  a  distinction 
can  be  made  between  x  boa,  and  x  bowie  ^ — y  Noe  and  ^^ 
Noah,  etc.,  etc. 

Note. — While  it  may  seem  teaching  a  tautophonical  pronuncia- 
tion to  represent  the  vanish  or  terminal  sound  of  o  by  both  the  o  dash 
and  brief  w  sign  attached  to  the  o  dash,  it  is  necessary  to  so  repre- 
sent it  in  order  to  secure  a  sign  that  will  join  legibly  to  the  dash  and 
at  the  same  time  represent,  or  suggest,  the  short  vowel  sound  follow- 
ing the  o  sound.  The  student  may  regard  that  the  dash  represents 
the  radical  or  initial  sound  of  0  (short,  as  in  whole),  while  the  w  sign 
represents  both  the  vanish  or  terminal  sound  of  o  and  the  short  vowel 
following  it;  or  he  may,  if  preferred,  regard  the  dash  as  representing 
full  a,  and  brief  w  sign  as  representing  only  the  short  vowel  follow 
ing.     Either  way,  it  expresses  the  same  thing. 


OF  PH  ONO  GRAPHY.  35 


9.  The  concurrent  vowels  of  poei,  poem,  boivie,  boa,  towage,  Zoe, 
Noe,  if  expressed  by  their  separate  si^ns,  are  written  thus: 

X  Xcx X X j- ).- V  ■■ 

but  if  by  their  joined  signs,  thus: 

^  x^ x .>^ h y    V 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  joined  signs  are  more  readily  and  quickly 
made,  for  the  following  reasons:  The  student  does  not  have  to  think 
of  the  particular  place  by  the  side  of  the  consonant  stem  in  which  to 
write  the  sign  of  the  second  vowel,  and  does  not  have  to  lose  time  in 
pen-liftings  or  in  going  back  to  place  the  vowel  to  a  downward  stem, 
as  in  the  words  poet,  towage,  etc.  Besides,  it  enables  the  vowels  to 
be  read  in  their  proper  order,  forward  or  downward,  instead  of  back- 
ward or  upward,  as  in  the  words  bowie,  towage,  etc.,  where  the  sepa- 
rate signs  are  written. 

10.  The  concurrent  vowels  in  deity,  deist,  etc.,  can  be  quickly 
and   legibly  expressed  by  a  single      sign,    thus:    V  deity,      I      deist, 

\     theist,  etc.,  instead  of  thus:     I        \       etc. 

11.  Concurrent  vowels  having  any  other  than  e,  i,  y,  00,  o,  w, 
for  the  initial  vowel  must  be  expressed  by  separate  signs,  thus: 
\  payee.  )l  Isaiah,  C*\  or  r'l  laity,  *  I  or  *l  gayety, 
^         rawish. 


12.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  DISJOINED. 


Nf    or  V       N^  or  X-s     \      H    orN-.     X>  ..     H        b 

(L..  h ii     f a ^ O..^"  ,^... 

X....  k.  Jr.. V ^. C. 


36  SCO  1  T.BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


/?: i/.  t! W:  )■     ^...>~  -Y   ,^^ 

or.^^.  ^^  "'t  K  ^  ."</?  .  r  or  r  c 

•C      <~ .^      •^..  .<^^^or   ^,..•0'-,       ^j:__ 

V  <£" I   -^  u  .^  ^^  y  ':y  \^ 

13.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

ON  BRIEF  WA  AND  YA  DISJOINED. 

Poets,  poetic,  poem,  bowie-knife,  boa,  towage,  doughy,  Zoe, 
showy,  Louis  (Looi),  lower,  Louisa,  rower,  mower,  Noe,  Noel, 
Noah,  hoer,  oasis,  oases,  stoic,  Stowell,  snowy,  slowest,  soloist. 

Opiate,  barrier,  carrier,  merrier,  Collier,  lawyer,  piano,  fiasco, 
geology,  theology,  theory,  theories,  theorize,  theorized,  Zenobia, 
Zenia,  area,  Arabia,  mania,  ammonia,  India,  olio,  folio,  folios, 
foliage,  deist,  deistic,  theist,  atheist,  atheistic,  atheistical,  atheistic- 
ally,  atheism,  insignia,  maniac,  superior,  exterior,  inferior,  interior, 
anterior,  odious,  odium,  idiom,  idiot,  idiocy,  idiotic,  piteous,  beau- 
teous, tedious,  copious,  copiously,  furious,  various,  impious,  happier, 
happiest,  wealthier,  wealthiest,  worthier,  worthiest,  balmiest,  funni- 
est, studious,  studiously,  dubious,  curious,  tinier,  tiniest,  sorriest, 
silliost,  annual,   manual,   biennial. 

Payee,  pean,  idea,  gayety.  s6ance,  Isaiah,  laity,  Leo,  Leon, 
eolis,  rawish.  eon. 


OF  FHONUGRAPHY.  37 


ASPIRATE    TICK,    HEH. 

LESSON      XI. 


HEH    ON   STEMS. 

1.  A  small  inclined  tick  for  initial  h,  is  ased  on  the  following 
stems:    Em,  Er,  and  Wa.       Illustration: 

home,  homely,  harm,  whistle. 

2.  Heh  is  also  used  on  the  joined  brief  w  signs  and  hook,  made 
in  the  direction  of  Pe  or  Cha,  and  written  upward  or  downward 
according  to  convenience  of   joining      Ilustration: 

\      1      s_.    V     r     ^     ^_>      r^ 

whip,     wheat,     whack,     whiff,     whale,     whir,      whine,     whim. 


3.— READING   EXERCISE 

ON   ASPIRATE   TICK. 

^    ^   ^   '^   ^   ^-    V 

4.— WRITING    EXERCISE 

ON    ASPIRATE   TICK. 

Hymn,  hem,  ham,  hum,  hemal,  Hummel,  homely,  homeliness, 
homeless,  homelike,  homicide,  homo,  homily,  hominy,  humility, 
hammock,  harm,   harmless,   harmonyj   harmonize. 

Whey,  whoa,  whiz,  whizzes,  whist,  whisker,  whizzed,  whistle, 
whistler,  whisk,  whiskey,  whiskers. 

Whip,  Whipple,  whop,  whopper,  wheat,  Whateley,  Whitelaw, 
whittle,  Whitch^r,  whack,  whacks,  whig,  whiff,  whang. 

Whale,  whaler.  Wheeling,  whir,  whirs,  whirl,  whirligig,  wharl, 
wherry,  wharf,  wharves,  whim,  whimsical,   whine 


tQ SCO TT-BR O  WNKS   TEXT-BOOK 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  POSITION, 

LESSON      XII. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 

1.  There  are  certain  words  of  common,  frequent  use,  that,  fo- 
the  sake  of  greater  speed  in  writing,  are  abbreviated  in  their  fono- 
grafic  representation,  the  same  as  words  are  abbreviated  in  common 
print;  that  is,  expressed  by  one,  two,  or  more  of  their  letters  or 
signs,  instead  of  all.  About  two-thirds  of  these  abbreviations  are 
complete  in  their  consonant  representation — the  vowels  only  being 
omitted;  and  although  the  advanced  fonografer  never  writes  the 
vowels  in  any  ^ord,  except  when  absolutely  necessary,  these  special 
words — with  vowels,  only,  omitted — are  placed  in  the  list  of  abbrevia- 
tions, because  they  are  never  to  be  vowelized  but  learned  as  the 
special,  fixed  signs  for  those  words;  while  the  words  not  in  the  list  of 
abbreviations  are  vowelized  or  not,  as  the  writer  finds  necessary. 

2.  Some  words  are  abbreviated  by  omitting  the  consonants, 
retaining  only  the  vowel,  while  other  words,  still,  are  represented  by 
brief  signs  such  as  the  circle,  loops,  half-circles,  etc. 

VOWEL    RULE   OF  POSITION, 

3.  Before  giving  a  list  of  abbreviations  it  will  be  necessary  to 
explain  what  is  termed  "The  vowel  rule  of  position."  It  is  already 
well  understood  that  there  are  three  places  by  the  side  of  a  consonant 
stem  for  vowels.  Corresponding  to  these  three  vowel  places  are 
three  stem  or  outiine  positions  governed  by  the  vowels:  Words  con- 
taining a  first  place  vowel  to  be  written  in  first  position — above  the 
line;  words  containing  a  second  place  vowel  to  be  written  in  second 
position — on  the  line;  words  containing  a  third  place  vowel  to  be 
written  in  third  position — thru  or  under  the  line. 

4.  The  first  position  for  upright  and  inclined  stems  is  half  the 
height  of  a  TV  stem  above  the  line;  and  for  horizontals  and  brief  signs, 
about  half-way   between   the   lines  of   writing,   according  to   the 

vidth  between   the  lines— writing  a  little  below  the  centre  on  wide- 

med  paper. 

5.  The  second  position  for  all  signs  is  on  the  line  of  writing. 

6.  The  third  position  for  upright  and  inclined  stems  \s  thuovgh 
(  r  across,  the  line;  and  for  horizontals  and  brief  signs,  under  the  Tine. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


89 


7.  It  is  a  great  aid  to  legibility  to  write,  not  only  the  greater 
number  of  abbreviations,  but  also  words  of  one  syllable  in  the 
position  indicated  by  the  vowel— or  accented  vowel,  if  a  word  contain 
more  than  one. 

8.  Some  of  the  abbreviations  are  not  written  according  to  the 
"vowel  rule  of  position." 

{a). — This  occurs  where  there  are  two  or  more  words  having  the 
same  outline  and  containing  vowels  of  the  same  class;  they  require 
to  be  written  in  different  positions  to  prevent  conflict  and  confusion, 
as  well  as  hesitancy  in  reading.  See  signs  for  do  and  had,  each  and 
which,  if  and  for,  etc. 

{b). — Again,  where  there  is  but  one  word  of  a  certain  stem  or  out- 
line, it  is  always  written  in  second  position,  regardless  of  the  vo^fcl 
rule,  because  that  position  is  the  most  natural,  and  favors  ease  and 
speed  of  writing.     See  sign  for  yotir. 

{c). — Where  there  are  two  words  of  the  same  outline  and  vowel 
class,  the  most  frequently-occurring  one  is  given  the  second  position. 
See  signs  for  each  and  which,  ease  and  was,  law  and  will,  are  and  our, 
no  and  own. 

{d). — Where  there  are  two  words  of  the  same  outline,  but  differing 
vowels,  the  most  frequently  occurring  one  takes  the  second  position, 
regardless  of  the  vowel,  and  the  other  one  the  next  position  to  it. 
See  which  and  much,  think  and   thank. 


9.— SIMPLE    STEMS.— NO.   i. 

ARRANGED   ACCORDING    TO   THE   FONOGRAFIG    ALFABET. 


p 

.\ 

pay,   up 

\ 

B 

by 

\ 

be 

\ 

to  be 

T 

.  1 

It 

...1... 

at,  out 

D 

dollar 

do 
had. 


Oh 


/    each 
/     which 


/■ 


much 


/     • 

/       advantage 
/      large 

company,  ace  om pan V 

G 

give  -n 

go,  together 

ago 


M^^ 


40 


SCOTT-BRClVNErS   TEXT-BOOK 


^  if,    off 

)       ^ 

^     ease,  eat/ 

N 

v_v  in,  any 

V_  fo'' 

)      was 

^^_y   know,  ijo 

>         few 

V 

Sh 

own 

--^    she,  wish 

^-^ 

ever 

J    shall,  Shalt 

Ng 

^..  fiew 

y,_  issue 

s,^_^   long,  along 

/^    law 

_^    language 
W 

/      thank-eJ,  thousand 

/C.  w^^^ 

>  why 

,            Dh 

V     thee,  thy 

^    allow 
>  y«|ar 

"^    ^vay 

\      they,    them 

^   away 

/      tho',  thou 

"~\     are 

Y 

i__sJ 

-^     our 

^  your 

M 

H 

)      say,   so,  saw 

^'~^  me, my 

<^  high 

V-  "^ 

^,-v^  may,  am 

^'   Ohio 

ID.     Final  s  is  added  to  any  of  the   above  signs  by  writing   the 
circle  on  the  end  of  the  stem. 

II. — SHORT    SENTENCES. 

Pay  up  your  bills.  It  will  be  your  dollar  each  time  iney  go. 
It  was  in  my  wish.  Which  way  will  they  go?  Why  do  they  ask 
them  for  it?  It  was  years  ago.  They  know  why  it  was  so  Do 
they  ever  go  up?  Have  they  ever  thanked  ?  They  say  so.  It  will  be 
easy  for  us.  Shall  they  go  away  ?  They  will  wish  them  much  joy. 
Each  company  will  be  large.  Do  they  see  any  ad^'aniage  in  it?  It 
was  to  be  so.  They  may  think  so.  If  they  do,  Ihc  shall  know  it. 
Does  she  own  it?  No,  she  knows  it.  They  had  it  out  each  day. 
Your  things  are  in  Ohio. 


fff  PHONOGRAPHY. 

41 

• 

12.— COMPOUND 

STEMS.- 

No.  2. 

^ . 

peculiar-ly-ity 

v^. 

familiaf-ly-ity 

\ 

publish-cd 

\_ 

.especially 

yy. 

belong 
-  become 

..    like 

.....\_^.. 

^ 

look 

.\^^^ 

to  become 

Q„_ 

....  alike 

L_ 

...  talk 
..  take 

r\ 

.    lawyer 

1 

>  1-^-— 

irregular- ly-ity 

- 1 

„....L 

took 
..,  dignity 

....  -^ 

argue 

refer 

.77. 

acknowledge 

/-.. . 

regular-ly-ity 

~{ 

catholic 

.-Z\. 

represent 

T 

kill 

^^_ 

make 

-^ 

came,  come 

.^ 

many,  money 

s 

effect 

.  .^ 

among 

--S 

...  affect 
fact 
forever 

into 
unto 

- V 

notwithstanding 

V" 

follow 

V 

«njoy 

42 


SCOTT.BROWNETS  TEXT-BOOK 


.._....  Y 

..    knowledge 

:ry__ 

anything 

V 

.  -  enlarge 

^ 

nothing 

^  .. 

...  never 

r 

N.  Y. 

^ 

nevertheless 

^ . 

N.  H. 

r^_.... 

...  enough 

A-- 

half 

■••-•"^ 

newer 

^..... 

hope 

.,.  name 

-  y\ 

happy 

Note. — Should  the  student  think  these  abbreviations  difficult  to 
learn,  let  him  noiice  that  very  few  of  them  are  abbreviated  beyond 
the  omission  of  vowels,  so  that  once  looking  at  them  is  sufficient  to 
learn  them.  Those  that  are  abbreviated  by  the  omission  of  conso- 
nants should  be  written  over  several  times,  and  then,  by  practising 
them  in  short  sentences  they  will  be  remembered. 

13. — SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Notwithstanding  many  peculiar  things,  they  are  happy.  Never- 
theless, anything  will  do  for  them  Hope  for  many  things.  Nevei 
follow  lawyers.  Do  nothing  halt-way.  Enjoy  knowledge  forever. 
Enlarge  your  knowledge.  Never  follow  peculiar  ways.  They  cami 
in  time  for  your  lawyer's  money. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHS . 


IiESSON     ZIII. 

abbreviations-Continued. 

X. — CIRCLES,    LOOPS,    AND    VOWELS. —NO.  3. 

o 

is,  bis 
as,  has 

vD            themselvci 

^ 

first 

^ 

.S 

subject 

0 -  -  as  well  at 

— s 

subjected 

.':> sir 

I 

..  best 
its 

~N      -    ours,  hours 

seem 

„ f 

said 

^~^ same,  some 

„ A 

such 

<r>-^    .  .    something 

/ 

just 

I- 
seen 

suggest 
.  because 

"^^ ^ soon 

^-^           necessarv 



signature 

^-^ most,  must 

^ 

c 

..  several 

^5i^         .   stenographer 

.  these,  thyself 

.   .   honest 

.    this 

KuP  . .  ..    next 

— c 

. .  thus,  those 

-5.  wise 

44 


SCOTT^BROWNETS  TEXT-3(WK 


3. 
C 


f 


-  west 

.  yes, yours, yourself 

..  use.  uze 


/ 


usage 


^  uses,  uzes 

/^  used 

...,l\ yesterday 

highest 


</' 


2.     The  affix  "  self  "  is  expressed  by  a  small  final  circle  on  stems, 
and  "  selves  "  by  a  large  circle. 


3.— WRITING  EXERCISE 

This  is  peculiar.  They  will  enjoy  themselves.  This  subject  was 
used  yesterday.  Will  they  suggest  something?  She  is  a  first-rate 
stenographer.  Several  said  it  was  so.  Yes,  they  go  West  next 
Wednesday.  She  is  as  happy  as  they  are.  The  boy  says  his  things 
will  come  as  soon  as  they  wish  for  them.  They  have  only  necessary 
things.  She  used  yours  several  times  yesterday.  They  are  honest 
as  well  as  wise.  His  highest  aim  is  to  be  just.  Be  just,  because  it 
is  best.     His  signature  is  necessary,  as  well  as  yours. 


4._V0WEL  SIGNS.— No.  4. 


• 

the 

\ 

two, 

too 

\. 

..to 

--•-  a,  an 

I 

owe, 

oh, 

O! 

1 . 

but 

ana 

/ 

who- 

m 

y.. 

.should 

_.l..ii 

\ 

of 

V 

.1 

1 

awe 

or 

/■ 

.how 

/ 

y 

ought. 

aught 

on,  \ 

e.  h 

im 

6 

whose 

OJf  PHONOGRAPHY. 


5.— READING   EXERCISE. 

.v..._: t:-,....  :.L. ../-.. (... 


^^ " - A- -^ -■- 1 


L A...  y       I    X \....y. /. -_ 


9 

x /r 


v^....-^.      1   .      <f  y        , k     X.     V L      (  S^.. 

_x .: )..._: : n^, j.....: z i. 

.. .^ IJ C    ,....  .^      ^._.,  :       l._S^ ...  r ..  .  ....  /-  - 

V  V  I 

_  ...s^^ z^.  V.     \ v^  .  L X ._^ vw^. 

...C   /    f-.,l  L...-^.^   V... L..c.....-or.... 


6.— WRITING   EXERCISE 

The  boy  has  a  dog.  I  see  a  duck  and  an  owl.  They  are  all  up 
stairs.  At  sight  of  it  I  was  in  awe.  He  ought  to  go  soon.  Too 
many  of  them  are  in  the  house.  It  is  too  much  for  him  to  do.  Who 
took  my*book?  To  whom  will  he  go  for  counsel?  He  or  I  must 
see  to  it.  Will  they  talk  to  him  ?  He  will  go,  but  I  shall  stay. 
Should  he  think  best,  they  may  have  it.  How  soon  will  he  come? 
Whose  book  is  this?     How  long  have  they  had  it? 


46 


SCOTT-BROWNKS  TSXT-BOOK 


• 

LESSON      XIV 

NUED. 

ABBREVIATIONS— CoNTi 

I. — BRIEF   WA   AND 

YA    SIGNS.— NO.    5. 

l.^e 

3 

what 

..-«-.yet 

^    with 

•>.. 

would 

"...  t)eyond 

c   were 

" 

ye 

__a..yo" 

2. — VOWEL,  STEM,  AND  BRIEF  SIGN    COMBINATIONS. — NO.  6, 

1 

idea 

^. area 

S_!C>. 

now 

^ while 

s-^. 

...  knew,  new 

_C_ well 

r 

...  I'll,  I 

will 
am 

(/               where 

^ 

..    I'm,  I 

^       ...  .  aware 

v1 

...  already 

f/               whereas,  worse 

^  _ 

altogether 

t/V^           wherever 

together 

i/\_           wheresoever 

^^1 

....  almighty 

when 

1 

. .  although 
almost 

,s_^              one 

^-^               whence 

—      

^ 

„..  whoever 

^i^j? once 

^"Ay^^            whenever 

^V 

...    howei 

/er 

.'-^s- 

whensoever 

OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


47 


..^^"TSw. whencesoever 

S  without 


within 


.1 
s. 


withdraw 

withal 

you're,  you  are 


3.— READING  EXERCISE. 
'....      <9..1. ^,.    /. ..) 1 


.(....... C....\\ ^- ^-^ 


..r....L..^l C....y 


-\ 


r    )    ' 


\ .L..X „A /rrr^. ^— ?'"'^\^  c/V. a. „.k.. 

..r?.  ^  ^ I .' L  ^....\...<^.. ..._.. . ' u 


» "  ^  / "^  "■ ^- 


..  -/>- <::s^^ 


r-: 


L  ;_.../...,..-£._ 


c 


v-1 


"^ 


A....  yTT^ 


-■1- 


4.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 
It  is  now  time  we  were  on  our  way.  What  would  you  do  for 
him?  When  and  where  would  it  be  best  to  go?  Which  one  is  it? 
What  is  the  area  of  the  State  in  which  yoi«  live  ?  I  hope  she  is  no 
vorse.  He  may  go  without  it  altogether.  We  are  within  two  miles 
of  the  house.  Your  ideas  will  have  weight.  Do  you  know  yet  how 
it  is?  How  long  ago  was  it?  Whenever  you  are  right  go  ahead. 
1  am  aware  of  the  fact.     Whoever  he  is  we  must  see  him. 


4S  SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


HALF-LENGTHS  AND  ED  TICK. 

LESSON      XV. 


HALVING   STEMS   TO   ADD    T  OR   Z>. 

I.     A  stem  can  be  halved  to  add  the  sound  of  /  or  </at  the  end 
of  words  or  syllables.     Illustration: 


I:        _p       Vi.       o^v    /^        "^        <iv  \  *— >        w 

■debi,     cuts,   fate^    shuts,    late,     art,     sent,    appetite,    occupied,  potato, 

.{^   \^  <^    ^     C    ^   yr  '^ 

elated,    berated,    robbed,      habit,      cheated,    untied,      aptly    softly. 
SHADING  THE  UNMATED    HALF-LENGTHS. 

2.  When  the  stems  La,  Er,  Em,  and  Un,  are  halved  to  add  d 
let  them  be  shaded;  but  when  halved  to  add  /  let  them  remain  light. 
Illustration: 

^. r.    ^ -^    /^  .  ^ ...  ^..  /?s    ^  '-^   V- 

tit,       ailed,      art,     aired,    sort,  sword^  mate,  made,  tteat,  heed,    pelt, 

V  ^-r. ^ I k k.    ^ t:^..  y^.. 

boiled,     melt,     killed,     tart,     desired,    tempt,    dimmed,    silent,    ruined. 

3.  The  half-length  stem  for  //  is  written  according  to  the  same 
rules  as  full-length  La,  while  the  half-length  for  Id  is  invariably 
made  downward,  because  it  is  shaded,  and  is  vowelized  the  same  as 
K</  — from  the  top  down,  because  it  is  made  downward,  like  Va. 
Illustration: 

^.....S^...v  ^v^  ^ \:. -y    V /V 

delight,  polite,  knelt,  lead,  lad,  puzzled,  spoiled,  mailed,  nailed,  revealed. 
Note. — The  vowel  after  a  halved  stem  at  the  end  of  such  words 
as  rated,  righted,  elated,   avoided,  etc.,    is  understood   to  be  /,  there- 
fore it  is  never  necessary  to  write  if. 


Of     PHONOGRAPHY. ^ 49^ 

ED   TICK. 

4.  Tlie  syllable  ed  at  the  end  of  such  derivativ  words  as  fated, 
sifted,  remitted,  etc.,  where  the  primativ  word  fate,  sift,  etc.,  is 
halved  to  add  a  final  /  or  d,  is  expressed  by  a  small  tick,  written  in 
the  direction  of   Te  or  Ka,  at  the  end  of  a  word.     Illustration: 

/ate,  fated,  sift,  sifted,     emit,     emitted,  sort,   sorted,   smart,  smarted, 

Ar.... V! ...^, *iM «^       -  ^ ^  -  -    ^ 

want,     wanted,     wend,     wended,     word,    worded,    reward,    rewarded. 

5.  The  ed  tick  is  also  used  at  the  end  of  full-length  stems  where 
it  is  not  convenient  or  advisable  to  add  the  d  sound  by  halving. 
Illustration: 

...I zf. '^  .^-^ •[  -f 

resisted,       exhausted,       imitated,       animated,       stated,        studied. 

6.  The  ed  tick  is  written  after  the  loops.  When  following  the 
sir  loop  it  expresses  only  d  with  the  vowel  /  omitted-     Illustration: 

^ ^^ :.-i- X ,^  ^ 

pasted,      adjusted,      disgusted,      rested,      fasted,      lasted, 

3 .::^ r- '^ n;^ ^ 

arrested,     wasted,      hoisted,     fostered,      bolstered,      mastered. 

7.  The  halving  principle  is  very  sparingly  used  in  writing 
straight-stem  words  of  one  syllable;  such  words  as  peat,  pit,  beat, 
bought,  boat,  bead,  coat,  cud,  goat,  guide,  etc,,  being  written  by  the 
majority  of  reporters  with  both  stems,  while  others  use  the  halving 
principle  and  never  omit  the  vowels.     Illustration: 

Vor..."^.....^    or..'^         S    or  /^         3]  or    — 
P^ai,  beat,  bought,  coat. 

8.  For  convenience  in  speaking  or  writing,  the  halved  stems 
can  be  named  by  adding  the  t  ox  d  sound  to  the  stem  name.  Exam- 
ple: Pe,    Pet  or  Ped,  etc.;  Ef,   Eft;  Ve,  VgtorVed;  Ith.    hht;   The. 


SCOTT-BROWNB-S    TEXTS O OK 


ThetorThed;  Es,  Est,  etc.;  La,  Lat  or  Lsd;   El,   Eld;    Er,  Ert  or 
Erd;  Ra.  Rat  or  Rad;   Em,  Emt  or  Emd;  Un,  Unt  or  Und;  Hah, 
Haht  or  Hahd.     This  will  make  distinguishihg  terms  for  /,  /,  etc., 
expressed  by  stems ^  and  /,  /,  etc,,  expressed  by  halving, 
9.     Ing,   IVa,   and  Va  are  never  halved. 

10.     The  circle  or  loop  on  halved  stems  always  read  last.     Illus- 
tration: 

S^        *lx>        -^       /^  <^        .0»  <-^  l*  _ 

pets,    sifts,     salts^     sorts,     meetSy     needs,     midst,    didst,    couldst. 


11.  The  reporter  writes  j/ loop  on  halved  stems  to  form  the  su- 
perlative degree  of  certain  adjectives.     Illustration: 

fT        (^         ^         ^  or      ;' 

6-^y <rV 

late,      latest,      soft,     softest,   neat,         neatest,  snuxrt,    smartest. 

WHEN    NOT  TO    HALVE. 

12.  The  halving  principle  does  not  apply  in  the  following  cases, 
(a).     When  initial  Ra,  in  words  of  one  syllable,  is   followed  by  / 

or  fl?— writing  such  words  as  right,,  rite,  rate,  road,  rood,  ride,  etc., 
with  stems  for  /  and  d. 

{b).  When  a  final  vowel  follows  /  or  d — writing  pity,  tidy,  duty, 
fatty,  veto,  muddy,  naughty,  lady,  etc.,  with  stems  for  /  and  d,  in 
order  to  furnish  places  for  the  vowels  following  the  /  and  d. 

{c).  When  the  consonant  before  the  t  or  d  \s  both  preceded  and 
followed  by  vowels — writing  such  words  as  abate,  abode,  acute,  avoid, 
allayed,  amid,  unite;  parried,  borrowed,  torrid,  carried,  furrowed, 
varied,  married,  narrowed,  harrowed,  pallid,  tallowed,  dallied,  gullied, 
followed,  valid,  mellowed,  inlaid  {La  for  /),  wallowed  ( IVa  hook),  hal- 
lowed, yellowed  (brief  Ya),  etc. ,  with  stems  for  /  and  d. 

(d).  When  concurrent  vowels  come  before  the  /  or  </— writing 
poet,  diet,  fat,  laureate,  naid,  etc.,  with  stems  for  /  and  d. 

{e).  When  /  or  a' follows  a  stem  preceded  by  another  stem,  witb 
which  it  does  not  form  an  angle.     Ilustration: 

X  v.i".ii.i:n./::i^Vi-.^-^^ 

piped,  bobbed,  kicked,  gagged,       liked,       fact,  faggot,  harrowed,  reared 


dp    PHONOGRAPHY.  5l 


13.— READING   EXERCISE. 

TERMINAL   HALF-LENGTHS. 

I^.....L    L. L^..(^£ ^...  Y~...y^    ^. 

^ "^   :^^^..-y..X.\:\...(^..\ 

C...l./V-..-^.....-A.C c.'Cr....^.^ 

.^ ^.. ,r<^ ^ ,^  j^....'^..  f^.^.^ :c 


o    o. 


f^-   ^      . .  ..!;n^.....s^  J^'. . .^^ 


(5-^^ 


C^/x  ....Q_y>y         I^-    .Jr\ r^ .S^..     xS* '•'^      ^ 

'^•- V    V.  -^    "^  X...._J< ... y./  :^. 

^: A.  A (^  A.  ...7^  1^  .-^  . 


ga  SC07T.br OWNS' S   TBXT.BOOR 


INITIAL    HALF-LENGTHS. 


TWO    HALF-LENGTHS. 


\     J     ^     ^     ^  ^     ^     ^      ^ 

W^   rs^    >>> 


C^ 


ED  TICK  ON   HALF-LENGTHS. 


UPWARD   ED   TICK. 

14.  In  writing  the  ed  tick  on  Ldt  it  is  better  to  strike  it  upward, 
on  account  of  the  liability,  in  rapid  writing,  of  the  downward  tick 
becoming  a  hook.     Illustration: 

wi/it  wilted,  salted,  emulated,         diluted. 

•\4       Ae     -r^      W-       -^       \^        i^V 


DISJOINED    WHOLE   AND    HALF   LENGTHS. 
instituted,    substituted,   destitute,    pathetic,        emphatic,       synthetic. 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY. 


53 


15.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 
Pick,  picked,  poke,  poked,  pack,  packed,  tick,  ticked,  tuck, 
tucked,  tack,  tacked,  cliecked,  joked,  jagged,  reasoned,  limit,  remit, 
limited,  remitted,  elect,  elected,  erect,  erected,  sift,  sifted,  scent, 
scented,  sound,  sounded,  rescind,  rescinded,  resound,  resounded, 
descend,  descended,  decent,  descent,  dissent,  dissented,  absent, 
absented,  invite,  invited,  indict,  indicted,  repeated,  reputed,  inhab- 
ited, uninhabited. 


16.  -ABBRE  VI ATIONS— H  alf-Len 

GTHS.— No.  7. 

-^-     put 

J    issued 

v^  afterward 

-V-bad 

..£:..let 

Vg^forvvard 

.  ,^-.  about 

lead 

inward 

.J-.did 

r    old,  world 

-1... out  ward 

1    debt 

lord,  read 

V^  better 

.-  J     doubt 

might 

..(^   debtor 

—TT..  caught 

immediate-ly 

yield 

—  could 

0..made 

...^.  until 

.....  act 

^   not 

little     > 

God,  got 

^_  under,  hand,  hundred 

write 

...^  get,  good 

^^  sent,  cent. 

written 

....  ...thought 

c-y 

/>^/ 

want,  wind 

writing 

-^-•that 

"^  went  worn 

-^ 

cast 

^...wild 

.._^,  astonish-ed 

J 
- wished 

c/_  word 

..l_.e8tablish-ed 

54  SOOrf.BKOH^A-E'S  TEXTBOOK 


17.- READING   EXERCISE. 

J. .... 

..  .'^-.. 

^       ^      • 

r     r 

1 

..( 

jt 

L.S 

>... ! 1... 

^     ^ 

• 

! 
..) jf 

^  1 

^ 

^ 

V            ___ 

*% 

r^ 

...cy. 

<  ... 

.1 -)..^:s.... 

..^. 

....b..... 

1 

• 

.i(/. 

\ 

— , 

^o ■- 

_^.._^ 

X 

: r. 

;■ 

•^ 

_x 

>./    ..... ... 

c..i^... 

^^    . 

li 

\ 

^ 

v.^ 

..:..v\ 



.1^ 

T."  » 

-*- 

18.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

You  would  enjoy  a  visit  to  the  old  world.  I  want  you  to  give 
me  your  word  that  you  will  do  all  the  good  that  lies  in  your  power. 
Never  go  in  debt.  Read  only  good  books.  The  Lord  God  leadeth 
me.  We  went  to  the  woods  afterward.  Do  not  be  too  forward. 
That  was  a  good  act.  He  could  not  read  for  the  want  of  a  book. 
;ir^^He  is  not  a  bad  boy,  Put  your  cap  on  the  rack.  How  much  good 
and  beniity  we  ha^^^e  in  tliis  world  !     Have  you  anv  doubt  about  it? 

Put  about  that  immediately.  Go  not  afterward  in  debt.  Doubt 
not  the  word  ot  God.  He  went  east.  You  had  better  go  forward 
immediately.  He  could  not  get  the  goods.  Did  you  get  the  writing? 
He  was  caught  in  the  act.  I  thought  you  went  afterward.  He  went 
immediately  to  let  you  know.  That  writing  should  be  better.  Yield 
not  until  the  word  is  given.  He  wished  he  had  issued  that  little  writ- 
ing. She  went  wild  with  astonishment.  The  debtor  will  not  yield. 
They  will  take  the  lead  in  the  old  world.  Might  it  not  be  written  ? 
He  went  when  he  was  sent.  I  want  to  astonish  you.  One  cent 
might  be  made  to  yield  much  good.  Look  inward  if  you  would  see 
how  you  look  outward.  Write  immediately  a  little  with  your  own 
^and.     Better  a  hundred  times  establish  yourself  first. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


05 


INITIAL    HOOKS. 

LESSON    XVI. 


SMALL  INITIAL  HOOKS   FOR  L  AND  R,   ON 
MATED   STEMS. 
I.     When  either  /or  r  immediately  follows  any  other  consonant 
they  are  expressed  by  a  small  hook  at  the  beginning  of  the  consonant 
stem.     Ilustration: 


\    \    ..r     f    /    / 


pi,  bl, 

br. 


tl. 


dL 


chl. 


/A 


T        1       ;     / 


Pr, 


tr. 


dr,      chr. 


r^ 


kl. 


kr. 


^     ^      C      )     J     J 


fl.  fr,  thl,  thr,        shU  shr. 

2.  In  writing  the  hooks  on  stems,  the  first  motion  of  the  pen 
is  made  in  an  opposite,  parallel  direction  to  the  stem;  and  the  next 
and  last  motion  is  at  right  angles  with  the  stem,  as  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying illustration: 


%  \ 

1 

1 

7 

; 

^^, 

■^  ^ 

c 

c 

!) 

)    J  ^ 


Let  these  characters  be  practised  with  caie  until  the  nooks  can 
be  readily  and  perfectly  made.  Careless  writers  incline  to  make 
these  hooks  look  like  loops  or  circles.  It  is  just  as  easy  to  make 
them  right  as  wrong,  if  proper  care  is  exercised  in  the  beginning  to 
understand  the  principles  of  movement  in  forming  them. 

L   HOOK   WORDS. 

3.  Notice  that  the  /  hooks  are  on  the  rigAi  and  u/>J>gr  side  of 
the  stems. 

^/^a,    please,    play,     plows,     able,    blows,    idle,    clay,     clause,    glow. 


flee,     fleece,     flow,     oval,     Ethel,     bushel,     official,     ambrosial. 


50  SCOTT.BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


R    HOOK   WORDS. 

4.  Notice  that  the  r  hooks  are  on  the  left  and  under  side. 

\v  \.  'V  "V  T  1   1-  -1    r   \ 

pry,    praise,     brew,    breeze,    tree,    eater,   trust,  odor,    draw,    dress, 
cry,      crow,      ochre,       acre,        grow,       ogre,      egresi,     grass, 

^    "h    S    >     ")     >      y    J 

freeze,     frizzes,     frost,     throw,     ether,     thrust,      usher,     azure. 

5.  In  comparing  the  /  and  r  hook  signs,  let  the  student  regard 

\      f      ^      c 

//,        tl,        fl,        thl, 

and  so  forth,  as  so  many  pieces  of  wire  bent  so  as  to  form  the  initial 
hook,  and  that  these  same  pieces  of  bent  wire,  when  turned  over, 
become 

\        1        '^,        ■) 

pr,  tr,  /,  thr. 

To  illustrate  still  more  clearly,  let  them  be  written  in  pairs,  as  follows: 

\       \  \       %  ccc. 

pi,         pr,  bl,  br, 

fl,     fr,        vl,     vr,       thl,    thr,      dhl,  dhr,      shl,    shr,     thl,     thr, 
—the  shr  and  zhr  forms  being  turued  over  endwise  to  give  the  forms 
for  shl  and  thl. 

SPECIAL   VOWELIZATION. 

6.  The  initial  hooks  are  intended  for  the  expression  of  /and  r 
preceded  by  a  stem  consonant  without  a  vowel  between  the  stem  and 


OF    PHONOGRAPHY.  57 


hook  consonants,  as  in//<ry/,  pry,  etc.,  and  for  the  expression  of  such 
syllables  as  pie,  ble,  Jle,  per,  ber,  ter,  etc.,  in  couple,  bible,  trijle,  reaper, 
fiber,  cater,  etc.;  but  there  are  many  words  of  long,  awkward  form, 
such  as  collect,  correct,  fulcrum,  telegram,  etc.,  that  are  shortened  in 
outline  and  rendered  even  more  legible  by  using  these  hook  signs; 
and  for  this  class  of  words  special  rules,  for  showing  that  the  vowel 
is  to  be  read  between  the  hook  and  the  stem,  are  given. 

7.  When  the  vowel  heard  belongs  to  the  dash  class,  represent  it 
by  the  dash  sign  struck  through  the  stem  at  right  angles — made  heavy 
for  long  vowels  and  light  for  short  ones — and  written  in  first,  second, 
or  third  place,  the  same  as  in  ordinary  vowelization.     Illustration: 

>. e^ ^      ^cr:<:>  . 

fall,  cold,  full,  fulcrum. 

8.  As  the  shape  of  the  dots  will  not  admit  of  their  being  written 
through  the  stem  and  be  distinguished,  like  the  dashes,  the  vowels  of 
the  dot  class  are  represented  by  small  circles,  written,  for  /c^w^  vowels, 
before  upright  and  inclined  stems,  and  above  horizontal  ones;  written, 
for  short  vowels,  after  upright  and  inclined  stems,  and  below  hori- 
zontal ones,  observing,  as  usual,  the  three  vowel  places.    Illustration: 


feel,         fail,         carpets,        fill,        fell,         taroxysm. 

9.  When  the  vowels  heard  in  err  and  air  are  to  be  read  between 
the  hook  and  stem,  indicate  it  by  making  the  parallel  dash  signs  into 
ellipses,  thus: 

careless. 

10.  The  difthong  signs  are  either  struck  through  the  stem,  or  else 
written  at  the  beginning  or  at  the  end  of  stems,  to  denote  that  they 
are  to  be  read  between  an  initial  hook  and  stem,  thus: 

.^  -J-  , 

cure^  casual. 


58  SCO  TT.BRO  WNE'S .  TEXT-BOOK. 

II— READING  EXERCiSE. 

S,A...^^.\^..^.....'^^,.^...\..X■^^• 

^.v  ..>^4...v4..^j-..^-.,^:. 

.^...Vp^j...^...^-. 4.^.1... 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  QO 


12.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Apple,  able,  ciue,  eclat,  please,  pleases,  pleased,  play,  played, 
plow,  blow,  blaze,  blazed,  idle,  idles,  clay,  close,  glaze,  glass,  fly, 
flow,  fleece,  flees,  flies,  flows,  fleeced,  oval. 

People,  peopled,  pickled,  buckled,  tickled,  cockled,  giggled, 
flckle,  cobble,  gable,  table,  stable,  stubble,  scuffle,  faithful,  truthful, 
mouthful,  treacle,  draggle,  prattle,  brittle,  scuttle,  fiddle,  victuals, 
thickly,  flat  blacker,  flavor,  pressure,  special,  initial,  nuptial, 
impartial,  impartiality,      social,       prudent  especial,    ambrosial, 

casual,  visual,  official,  officially,  bleach,  oblige,  club,  cloth,  clotkes, 
clash,  claim,  gloom,  youthful,  vocal,  unable,  muddle,  employ, 
simple,  sample,  example,  dissemble,  resemble,  tumble,  rumble, 
devil,  level,  lawful,  ankle,  uncle,  angle,  ethical,  plaster,  blister, 
bluster,  cluster,  cloister. 

Pray,  pry,  brow,  tree,  trio,  eater,  try,  utter,  tray,  drawi,  odor, 
cry,  crew,  acre,  agree,  free,  fray,  offer.oflfered affray,  threw,  throw, 
author,     usher,  azure. 

Price,  prize,  prizes,  prized,  breeze,  braced,  trace,  trust,  trusted, 
crust,  crazed,  grist,  grazed,  grazes,  grasses,  thrice,  thrust,  precise, 
process,  blazes,  crisis,  crises. 

Prop,  problem,  prime,  probe,  approach,  preach,  pretty,  bribe, 
brick,  brag,  brush,  bravo,  broom,  broil,  brier,  briny,  bridge, 
breeches,  breath,  breathe,  break,  bring,  trip,  tribe,  trick,  track,  truth, 
trim,  trash,  drug,  dream,  droll,  drear,  dreary,  drouth,  dressy,  creep, 
crape,  group,  grim,  grab,  growl,  grog,  frog,  freak,  frail,  thrill, 
throng. 

Paper,  pauper,  taper,  dipper,  cheaper,  jobber,  keeper,  caper, 
copper,  gutter,  figure,  vigor,  vapor,  vicar,  entry,  sentry,  pitcher, 
major,  lodger,  ledger,  archer,  richer,  Rogers,  degree,  decreed, 
degrade,  sugar  {Sha\  shiver  {Sha),  measure,  leisure,  erasure,  fisher, 
ireazure,  treasury,  pleasure. 

VOWELS   HEARD   BETWEEN   HOOK  AND   STEM. 

Germ,  firm,  Germany,  person,   charm,  form,   George,   covir^^^^ 
fulsome,   procure,  cheerful. 


(SO  SCOTT-BROWNJFS    TEXT-BOOK 

L  AND  R  HOOK    ON  UNMATED  STEMS. 

13.  The  initial  hook  for /on  Em,  Un,  Ra,  and  Hah  is  made 
large.     Illustration: 

ml,  ni,  rl,  hi. 

14.  The  hook  for  r  on  Em,  Un,  Hah  is  made  small,  and  the  stem 
shaded,  to  distinguish  the  mr,  nr,  and  hr  combination  signs  from  wm, 
wn,  and  Hah,     Illustration: 


mr,  nr,  hr. 

15.  A  large  initial  hook  on  La  expresses  the  other  liquid  conso- 
nant, r.  Let  it  be  noticed  of  the  two  liquids  that  La  takes  a  large 
hook  for  r  and  that  Ra  takes  a  large  hook  for  /.     Illustration: 

Ir,  rl. 

t6.  The  initial  hooks  for  /  and  r  are  never  usea  on  Es,  Zt,  Er, 
Ing,  or  Wa.  Itig,  when  hooked  initially,  being  required  to  express 
nr;  and  Es,  Ze,  Er,  Wa,  when  hooked  initially,  being  required  to 
express  Tlir,  -Dhr,  Per,  Ver.  Ydl — Ya  with  initial  hook — is  noi 
used  for  anything,  as  it  is  an  inconvenient  form  to  join;  besides,  it  i» 
quicker  and  better  to  express  yl  by  the  brief  Ya  sign  and  /  stem. 


17.— READING   EXERCISE. 

c^^ V....^.d\  J:: 

camel,  animal,  canal,    kernel  and  colonel,    spiral,    exhale,  help,   color 

.1^.. 'U  ......^ ...o^   .^ .  ^ k -^ 

rumor,     tremor,      moral,     minor,      north,      cohere,     ad/iere,     inherit. 


18.— WRITING   EXERCISE 

Enamel,   canaille,   kernel,    colonel,    enameled,    spirals,   relapse, 

relapsed,    relax,    relaxes,    relaxed,    spinal,    spaniel,    channel,  panel, 

canal,  final,  flannel,  penal,  vernal,  finally,  coral,  choral,  floral,  rural, 

0*rrel,    peril,    Tyrol,         plural,         help,     helper,    helpless,    health. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


ei 


healthy,  healthier,  healthiest,  hcahhfiil,  helioirope.  halcyon,  hc!m. 
helmet,  inhale,  unwholesome,  exhale,  unhealthy,  :o!or.  collar, 
scholar,  secular.  Fowler,  valor,  raillery,  stickler. 


19.— Z  AND  R  HOOK   ABBREVIATIONS.  — No,  8. 

R    HOOK,    STRAIGHT    STEMS. 


/*  appear 

1     true 

1 

doctor 

/    .larger 

l\-^principaI.Jy,  principle 

cr—  care,  occur 

-<>^...practisu 

1   dear 

cure  accrue, 

A.  re-member 

n    during 

c: 

correct-ed 

?\.-number 

/...cheer 

c— r-aggregaie-ed 

.1...  utter,  truth 

/    chair 

agree. 

L 

HOOK,    STRAIGHT    STEM 

s. 

..\..able.  ably 
....[..till,  tell 

J....dcal 

<- 

call  equal-  y 

1  .   deliver 

c —  clerk 

-.[•...at  all 

/...children 

R    HOOK,    CURVED    STEMS 

.  collect-ed 

!!^.forra 

either 

-       humor 

.^  from 

..i.  there,  their 

- near,   nor,   hono? 

...over 

..-)    other 

hire  hiprhcr 

....^..  every,  very 

..^.sure,  assure 

^  hear,  here,  her 

.«?v„.aver 

.......  author,  three 

....^..share 

.^hair 

Mr.,  mere 

- remark 

„TN    through 

iT^.mort 

/"^^^  manner 

OS 


ScoTT-nnowNics  tejct-book 


^...  'ce'.  fin,  fall 
_L-.  ^ail,  fell 
..^.  full 
>-.  evil 


L  HOOK»   CURVED   STEMS. 


x^.  avail 


,^ 


million 
.Xr>  promulgate-d 
*S£r>  female 
real-ly 
...Cx:  roll 


heal,  hall 
.<^..  hole,  hale,  heU 
.yC.  howl,  whole 
^-^Z'  enroll 

ruler 


value  h^^"  rule 

20. — SHORT    SENTENCES. 

I  feel  fully  equal  to  the  task.     Practise  the  principle  well. 


My 


principal  imparts  speed.  Remember  the  days  of  thy  youth,  for  thy 
very  hairs  are  numbered.  Utter  only  truth  that  you  may  speak  with 
assurance.  The  principle  thing  in  his  address  is  humor.  How  ably 
the  author  treated  the  subject.  I  tell  you,  till  all  is  well,  take  care. 
I  have  no  faith  at  all.  Form  good  habits  if  you  would  go  through 
life  happy,  and  from  the  path  of  truth  depart  not.  Over  all  things 
honor  is  first.  Every  one  knows  his  doctor  well.  Ever  remember 
that  very  has  another  form  from  ever.  The  author  went  three 
times  through  his  book.  Dear  doctor,  you  cure  and  cheer;  I  feel 
you  will  heal  a  million.  Put  my  children  in  the  large  chair  very  near 
here.  To  assure  a  cure  you  must  deal  with  care.  Either  agree  or 
take  a  smaller  share.  It  will  occur  no  more.  How  about  the  other, 
are  you  sure  of  the  delivery  ?  '  I  do  not  remember  the  aggregate  but 
the  clerk  could  tell.  Correct  the  clerk  when  you  collect  the  fare. 
Mere  humor  is  not  more  nor  honor  higher.  Her  hair  was  either 
black  or  gray,  her  eyes  dear  and  true,  and  her  manner  equal.  Did 
you  hear  the  remark  ?  I  had  my  fill  and  feel  so  full  I  fear  I  shall 
either  fail  or  fall.  Ah,  full  well  I  fell !  The  evil  did  avail  and  its 
value  I  know  too  well.  The  female  does  really  rule  the  family  with 
a  familiar  hand.     Hire  a  hall  and  promulgate  the  whole. 


d^    f'tfOffOCkAPHY. 


LESSON     XVII. 


THE  INITIAL  CIRCLE  ON  L  AND  R  HOOK  SIGNS. 

1.  To  prefix  j  on  r  hook  signs,  the  hook  is  made  into  a  circle. 

2.  To  prefix  s  on  I  hook  signs,  the  circle  is  made  within  the 
&ook.       Illustration: 

X       "X       N;     N;       \         %       F-^       f-^ 

pray,      spray,      pry,      spry,     upper,       supper,       crawl,        scrawl, 

%.     \,      \      \      \^     X^     \       ^ 

plat,  splat,     plash,     splash,     bloom,      sublime,     play,      display. 

t;  i;  T=_  "L-  "^  K  ■]   'iv.i  <i 


\i  ^H 


n  -n:^  ^-^ 


3.  The  circle  on  JCa,  before  an  /  hook  on  Fe  and  Be,  is  elon- 
gated or  flattened,  like  a  loop,  and  the  pen  is  carried  entirely  over 
the  stem  before  it  turns  to  form  the  hook;  thus  enabling  the  writer 
to  get  that  part  of  the  hook,  where  it  joins  the  stem  on  which  it 
belongs,  quite  distinct.*  Illustration: 

^i^^ 


excusable,  explored. 

4.  In  writing  such  words  as  disagree,  descry,  prescribe,  etc.,  the  cir- 
cle is  written  on  the  right  side  of  the  first  stem,  and  the  second  stem, 
which  is  Ka  or  Ga,  is  written  directly  out  from  the  top  of  the  circle. 
This  brings  the  circle  on  the  r  hook  side  of  ICa  and  Ga,     Illustration- 


U _. 


disagree. 


prescribe. 


•  Some  writers  make  the  turn  of  the  pen  directly  on  the  Ka  stem,  instead  of  at'te 
the  crossing  ever,    "^ax  way  w>"*'-h  is  easiest  and  most  legible  to  the  writer  is  the  l>tst 


64  SCOTT.BROWNSrS   TEXT-BOOK 

5.     Many  writers  omit  the  r  representation  in  tne  woras  cuscride, 
prescribe^  etc.,  and  express  them  thus: 


^- ''^— '^ 


6.  In  writing  the  circle  on  the  r  hook  side,  between  stems  run- 
ning in  the  same  direction ,  it  is  not  necessary  to  show  the  hook,  as 
the  left  and  under  side  of  straight  stems  is  known  to  be  the  r  hook 
side^  while  the  right  and  upper  side  of  straight  stems  is  known  to  be 
the  circle  side.     Illustration: 


\ \  \ 


psp,      P-spr,  tst,       t-str,  ksk,  k-skr^ 

■\ "x ^---'t-i — -—  =^ 

4>recept,    prosper,  dusty,  destroy, distressed,  cask,  excrescence,  excursive. 

1.  Per  preceded  by /);>  is  written  thus;  J\  *s  in  the  words 
disappear,  disparage,  dayspring,  etc.  ^ 

8.  In  such  words  as  tasteful,  boastful,  trustful,  etc.,  where  the 
/  hook  sign  cannot  be  made  following  the  st  loop,  the  pen  crosses  the 
stem,  thus  reducing  the  loop  to  simple  s  and  enabling  the  writer  to 
form  a  perfect  hook  on  the  Ef  stem.  This  contracts  the  words  to 
tas'ful,  boas' ful,  trus'ful,  etc.     Illustration: 

" 1.— - \. 1. ^  — 

tasteful,  boastful,  trustful,  breastplate. 

9.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 
Spray,   supper,   sober,   suitor,   strew,    cider,    suppress,   cypress, 

soberly,  screw,  scarcely  =-  o — ;b  secrecy,  sacred,  supply,  sable, 
satchel,  sickle,  cycle,  possible,  disciple,  display,  displayed,  accusable, 
I-hysical,  peaceful,  passively,  plausible,  classical,  classically,  crucible, 
explore,  taxable,  graceful—^  C  (the  hook  of  the  Ef  in  graceful  is 
mplied  by  the  circle  at  the  end  of  the  Ga  stem  being  elongated  like  a 
loop.  If  there  was  no/  hook  to  express,  the  circle  would  be  kepi 
round,  thus;  *~"^),  disgraceful,  prjspcrous,  prosperously,  distresses. 


OF  PHONO  cnAPHY. 


65 


disaster,  disasters,  disastrous,  cheese-press,  Caspar,  excreable, 
excursive,  describe,  disagreeable,  disagreeably,  disappear,  disparage, 
dayspring,  pastry,  pasture  {Pis-Cher),  extreme,  gastric,  mixture 
{Em-Kds-Cher),    fixture   {Ef-Kds-Cher),    dishonor=-4_y  , 


Straggle,  struggle,  strapper,  supreme,  soprano,  sobriety,  strata, 
stream,  streamed,  streamlet,  strength,  strangle,  strangler,  strangled, 
strut,  street,  strait,  straight,  straighter,  sprite,  sprout,  sprayed,  des- 
perate, desperately,  desperado,  whisper,  whispered,  destroy, des- 
troyed, distract,  distracted,  distrust,  distrusted,  trustful,  distrustful, 
mistrust,  mistrustful,  expressly,  describe,  descried,  prescribe,  pro- 
scribe, subscribed,  ascribed,  abstract,  extract,  extracted,  excusable, 
crucible,  taxable,  explore,  explored,  explode,  exploded,  display,  dis- 
played, displays,  frustrate,  frustrated,  hemisphere  (hemisfere),  gossi- 
mer,  moral,  morally,  curse,  discourse,  discoursed. 


•K 


^r 


«v 


^ 


c4-o 


■> 


atmosphere    immoral,     mortal,     immortal,     course,     persuade. 


lo.— ABBREVIATIONS. 

CIRCLE    ON   L  AND   R   HOOK    SIGNS. — No.    9. 


<N 


surprise 


surprises 


surprised 


.spirit 


^ 


separate 


...os,.,  spread 

orn:.  scare 

....,  .secure 

..— ^.scarce 

.^„^.  scarcely 

...\..supply 
'^  .  supplied 


.skill 
scale 
schooC 


11. — SHORT    SENTENCES. 

1  scarcely  know  what  separated  us.  I  was  never  more  surprised. 
In  a  common  school  skill  is  supplied,  but  to  secure  skill  one 
must  scale  the  heights.  My  spiri  is  equal  to  the  task  but  I  cannot 
supply  the  energy.  It  surprises  mp  that  I  have  not  surpassed  others. 
Spirits  are  scarce  about  this  place.  He  supplied  the  skill  and  she 
taught  the  school.  The  teachers  were  supplied  with  moral  lessons  to 
give  the  pupils  through  the  course.  The  school-room  was  tasteful 
And  '^.e  trustful  teacher  surprised  by  the  spirit  of  the  class. 


65  SCOTT.BROWffSrS   TEXT- BOOK 

LESSON     XVIII. 


BACK  HOOK  FOR  IN,  EN,   UN. 

I.  The  syllables  in,  en  or  un,  preceding  the  s  circle  on  r  hook 
signs,  are  expressed  by  a  small  back  hook,  made  so  as  to  bring  the 
circle  on  the  r  hook  side  of  the  stem.     Illustration: 

^      "< 1  .._         n^ 

^ —  < 

inspire,         inspired,         instruct,         insecure,  unscrupulous. 

3.     This  hook  is  also  used  on  sla,  ser,  sem.     Illustration: 

.^ ^Vvi* -...-f:::^, 

tnslave,         unceremonious,         unseemly. 

3.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Inseparable,  inseparably,  insuperable,  unsuppressed,  instructor, 
anstrung,  inscribe,  insecurity,  insoluble,  unsolvable,  unsalable, 
unsullied,  insular,  insult,  insulted,  unsolicited,  unceremoniously, 
unseemly,   ensample,  ensemble  (ongsombl). 


4  — 

•READING   EXERCISE. - 

-Sentenoes. 

V 

/■ 

.."::!>    ' 

A    . 

.Ji.     

.tC 

...%'.. 

...C« o.._S_^ 

o.. 

A- : 

= ^ 

,..%  _ 

.^.. 

C 

y^..:Q... 

/ 

^....^^  1..V, 

^  <-"_ 

/     * 

..c^.. 

j:..^:^..... 

r. 

)..._^ 

N .  f  . 

r-i. 

c 

y... 

^:>^.. 

V 

.  ^ 

..\ 

s  ^ 

._..  rK... 

i._. 

...c...^.. 

•   "1         « 

J. .  1.... 

o 

^ 

U s     _ 

w    * 

t ....      . .  <r.N,. 

y-f.....'^ 

} 

...« 

V 

-^ "  s 

i  "■■•• 

:._1....-^.. 

N 

...\. 

-"  V 

..V 

..K 

X 

\ 

OF  FHONOCRAPffT.  ^ 


LESSON       ZIX. 

W  TICK. 
I,     The  sound  of  w  following  a  stena  consonant  is  rxpressed  by 
m  vertical  or  horizontal  tick  joined  initially  to  the  stem.    Illustration: 

twice  ^     dwtil,         quicks  quagmirg,     thwack,    Schwab. 

2.  Words  with  an  initial  /  and   medial  w  sound  must  be  writ- 
ten with  the  disjoined  fVior  IVti  in  its  vowel  position,  thus: 

?Z ^  ^^ ^ 

squaw,  squeeze,  squizzie, 

3.  Words   with   r  immediately   following   a   w  sound  should 
always  be  written  with  the  w-hook  on  the  Ra  stem,  (PV/r),  thus: 

_..zf:: if. ^-^   °v^    <w     L,x 

queer,         twirl,         squirrel,         squirm,         squared,         esquire, 

4.  Kwl  words  must  be  written  with  IVil,  thus: 

^^^. -^        o'C X.... 

quelled,  squall,  squeal,  quail. 

5.  The  Wa  ti<  ic   is  useful   in  writing  such  Spanish  names  as 
Puebla,  Buena  VisUit  etc.     Illustration: 


Puebla,  Buena^  Guardafui,  GiMxaca. 

{Fwdblah),         {Bwdnah)^  {Gwardafwee),       {Gwahdka). 


6.— WRITING  EXERCISE. 
Wo-ds  to  be  wi^  en  with  the  w4ick\  Twist,  twists,  twisted, 
untwist,  untwists,  untwisted,  tweezers,  twitter,  twinkle,  twilight, 
twill,  twilled,  dwell,  dwelt,  Dwight,  dweller,,  equip,  equipoise, 
quibble,  quiet,  quota,  quest,  bequest,  bequeath,  quad,  quick,  quicker, 
quickest,  quickly,  quake,  quaker,  quack,  quicksilver,  quicksand, 
quagmire,  quaff,  quaffed,  quoth«  quicsce.  acquiesce,  quasi,  qiiassiii 


68  SCOTT-BROWNh^S   TEXT-BOOft. 

equator,       thwack,       thwacked,      Thwing,       Schwab,       Schwartz. 

Words  in  which  disjoined  We  or  Wu  must  be  used:  Squaw 
squabble,  squatter,  squeeze,  squeak. 

Words  in  which  Wer  must  be  used.  Twirl,  dwarf,  dwarfed, 
dwarfish,  querl,  quarrel,  quirk,  queer,  choir,  quire,  quart,  squirt, 
squirted,  square,  squared,  squirm,  esquire,  query,  quarry,  quarried, 
quartette. 

Words  in  which  Wei  must  be  used:  Quill,  quell,  quail,  squall, 
sequel,  squills,  squeal. 


OF  PHONO  GRAPHY.  ^rf 


LESSON      XX 


SMALL  TERMINAL   HOOKS  FOR  N,  F,  AND   V. 

N   HOOK. 

1.  The  sound  of  n  at  the  end  of  words  and  syllables,  and  in  the 
middle  of  words  where  no  vowel  follows  it,  is  represented  by  a  small 
terminal  hook  made  on  the  left,  and  under  side,  of  straight  stems, 
and  on  the  inside  of  curved  stems.     Illustration: 

A / ^ Z^ .vx.  .y\....^ 'S...A..  ^.... 

pin,    tinge,    June,    canopy,    fine,    loan,    main,    sivain,  run,  hen. 

2.  S,  terminating  «-book  words,  is  expressed  by  making  the 
hook  into  a  circle,  on  straight  stems,  and  by  writing  a  circle  within 
the  hook  of  curves.     Illustration: 

X k J' .t. ^ i..„ ..  .^ <^,... 

bones,     dines,     chains,     tokens,     runs,     Athens,     nuns,      refines. 

3.  The  large  circle  and  the  loops  are  written  on  he  «-hook  side 
to  express  ns-s,  nst,  nstr.     Illustration: 

z:\ _s^........  J :^ \.... 

expenses,     enhances,     danced,    glanced,      punster,     spinsters. 

F   AND   V   HOOK. 

4.  The  sound  of  /,  or  its  cognate,  v,  at  the  end  of  words  and 
syllables,  and  in  the  middle  of  words  where  no  vowel  follows  it,  is 
represesented  by  a  small  terminal  hook  made  on  the  circle  side  of 
straight  stems;  and  the  circle  for  s,  terminating  /"and  z/-hook  words, 
is  made  within  the  hook,  to  distinguish  it  from  simple  s  without 
the/  or  V  sounds.     Illustration: 

^' V   - \ S 1^ 

proof,         approves,         devote^         devise,         division, 

_...L-^. I'V e-s> ...3w^    ^S... 

4tafen,         strife,  gloves,         archives,         h4ofsi, 


70  SCOTT.BROWNKS    TBXT-BOOK 


5.  The  hook  for  /  and  v  is  never  written  on  the  curve  stems. 
Note  (a). — Observe    that   the  s   circle   formed   within   hooks  is 

elongated,  like  a  loop,  and  made  in  the  direction  of  the  stem  to  which 
the  hook  belongs. 

(A). — The  large  circle  and  the  loops  for  it  and  str  are  never  written 
on  hooks. 

6.  If  a  vowel  follows  «,  /or  v,  those  consonants  must  be  rep- 
resented  by  the  stems,  in  order  to  furnish  a  place  for  the  vowel* 
Illustration: 

*:>' v>...k. s^.. .X ^ x-  ^.. 

brine,     briny,    fun,    funny,     assign,     assignee,     rain,     rainy, 

.^_. .  LX_r. ^ <* A. A Ai .... 

ctuffht     cc^tt,    grieve,    gravy,     heave,     heavy,     rough,     review. 


7.— READING    EXERCISE 

S, ^  „.5    °v. \  j:^    i- I  J- •^. -^ 

|!-    /!> °t:. ^...^/^   ,^^^  %." 

^  ^ /-'_/T." ::^ 3.  I,    -^  .ij ..VI 

-^. ..  .V ^ /y...,  i^ A. ^ ^ 


^_ ^...3. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  71 


8.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 
Pawn,  pen,  open,  bane,  bone,  tan,  eaten,  oaten,  din,  don,  chain, 
chin,  June,  coin,  keen,  cane,  oaken,  gun,  gown. 

Spun,  spoon,  sabin,  satan,  satin,  stone,  sadden,  scan,  skin, 
sicken,  sustain,  Staten,  stevvpan,  weapon,  widen,  wooden,  waken, 
wagon,  worn,  Warren,  sweeten,  Sweden,  sworn,  equestrian. 

Prune,  brown,  brain,  bran,  train,  drown,  drawn,  churn,  adjourn, 
crane,  acorn,  crown,  corn,  ,green,  grain,  grin,  groan. 

Plain,  plan,  blown,  clean,  clan,  clown,  glean,  glen,  decline, 
recline. 

Fan,  fun,  vine,  thin,  assign,   zone,  shine,  lawn,  urn,  moon,  nun. 

Soften,  seven,  Simon,  Stephen,  Stamen,  flown. 

Suspense,  strains,  screens,  widens,   stamens,   Stevens,  woman's. 

Puff,  bluff,  pave,  brave,  strive,  dove,  cave,  rove. 

Puffs,  paves,  drives,  chiefs,  Jove's  caves,  coughs,  cuffs,  graves, 
grieves. 

Panic,  pancake,  pinch,  punch,  punish,  pennon,  bandy,  banjo, 
banish,  tonnage,  Channing,  candy,  conic,  coinage,  expunge,  experi- 
ences, expenses,  finish,  (upward  j/^),  vanish,  heathenish,  thinness,  lin- 
ear, lonely,  minute,  minute,  mintitely,  minuteness,  mental,  mantel, 
miner,  potent,  potency,  demean,  organic,  envenom,  plenty,  planet, 
plunge,  blanch,  French,  fringe,  penance,  finance,  synonym,  sponge, 
Spanish,  pippin,  bobbin,  obtain,  Italian,  deepen,  detain,  domain, 
cabin,  roughen,  raven,  region,  regain,  famine,  foreign,  lemon,  Ly- 
man, remain,  engine,  tribune,  blacken,  chairman,  African,  Mormon, 
Norman. 

Toughen,  deafen,  deafness,  define,  divine,  devote,  devout, 
devotee,  devour,  devise,  advise,  division,  (upward  sh),  devotion,  de- 
fence, advance,  extravagance,  extravagant. 

Use  upward  r,  Ra,  in  these  words;  Revere,  rover,  river,  quiver, 
quaver,  hover,  cover,  cleaver,  clover,  engraver,  beverage. 

Use  downward  r,  Er,  in  these  words:  Devour,  beaver,  tougher 
meaner,  vainer,  founder,  finer,  thiner,  leaner,  demeanor. 


n 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


SHORT  SENTENCES. 

Ten  honest  men  live  in  one  town.  Nine  fair  women  spun  six- 
teen skeins  of  woolen  yarn.  The  moon  shines  upon  the  lawn.  Green 
are  the  banks  of  Bonny  Doon.  When  it  rains,  the  Robins  say, 
**  Cheer  up,  cheer  up,  cheer  up  ! "  Rover  is  a  brave  dog,  you  will 
discover,  and  serves  his  mastsr  faithfully.  The  Bluff  river  divides 
our  farm.  Never  swerve  from  right  behavior.  See  the  rainbow! 
The  poor,  with  industry,  are  happier  than  the  rich,  in  idleness.  Pu' 
down  your  pen  and  join  the  children  in  their  fun. 


9  — 

ABBREVIATIONS.— A^,    F,  and  V  Hooks.- 

—No.  lo. 

N 

HOOK. 

\ 

opinion 

c 

..then 

v.. 

begun 

.\.. 

upon 

c 

than 

\^ 

began 

\ 

..been 

r^... 

alone,  loan 

k... 

turn,  torn 

J 

done 

^^ 

.,i»ep 

./  . 

sudden 

J: 

...down 

-  ./T^    . 

man 

..../^ 

at  length 

join 

■   i^~^- 

human 

J 

delinquent 

/. 

general-ly 

cT^ 

..women 

/\ 

happen 

...  --. 

can 

^5~b 

woman 

>• 

..punish-ed 

"^ 

gone 

.....s-^. 

known,  none 

s. 

.  explain-ed 

-::,.. 

gain,  again 

-^^ 

union 

■/. 

..question 

.^.. 

often,   phonog- 
...     raphy 

J^.... 

.learn 

..._^... 

..christian 

Vo 

even 

V-=. 

pecuniary 

--1. 

corresponc 

C 

_.thine 

.>7 

begin 

.,..':?... 

-ence 
..coa«e<lu«Qti« 

or    PHONOGRAPHY. 

78 

e-T 

-•ignify-ied-cant 

c 

southern 

o 

.prtM<*ntia1 

y 

western 

KALI 

pertain 

v^ 

prominent 

^_ 

..fallen 

.appertain 

..v^ 

perraan^m 

r-LENGYHS. 

\ 

.point,  appoint 

"^ 

..consequent 

account 

\ 

-behind,  bind 

<^    .. 

second 

^j> 

annoint-cd 

J 

lend 

^U 

superintend 

....^. .. 

round 

•  --J 

.  attend 

...7777^. 

..acquaint 

...j}^..  ■ 

.surround 

J 

did  not,  didn't 

.....  "»   - 

gained 

...X- 

^around 

,.  J 

.do  not,  don'i 

V^ 

..find 

....^  . 

.understand 

.had  not.  hadn't 

V 

found 

...u. 

turned 

• 

.  gentlemen 

.^^- 

foundation 

.-^... 

..accident 

V 

gentleman 

r 

land 

V.- 

subsequcnr 

"^ 

kind 
-can'i 

^ 

r^ 

mind 
.minds 

A> 

..returned 

c  .. 

..learnt 

. .  r::?^ 

cannot 

/r^ .. 

meant,   mend, 
-     amount 

.  ■^. 

impend 

ENS,  BNSES,    KNST. 

....J 

.  at  once 

consequciuc 

-balanced 
occurrence 

....^... 

again^i 
..tndi»p«n».ibie 

\ 

.balance 

rr-o. 

..Kansas 

.-^.. 

experience 

-^ 

.balances         i 

^- 

.gains 

■u 

transcript 

74 


SCOTT-BROWNKS  TEXT-BOOK 


.....\. 


before 


V         above 

L 


I 


difl5cult-y 
differed-enN 


gave,   govern- 
ment 


*\i       proof,  prove 


^      approve 

>4_.  improv«.d-ment 

provide 


F  AND   V   HOOK. 

Aar^.  .provision 

^\.-y       proficient  -ly- 
---->*  iency 

..^Ss— .....perfect 

...-N>     ..belief,  belier* 

L-  defect 

I      ..advocate 
-*r    d«ficient-iency 

\~9 defence 


U 


.advance 


*Ni 


. — I — profit,  prophet 

!^.  ..  profitable 

prophetic 


>>~->'      providence-ti&l- 


...^  believed 

\        extra  vagant-ly- 
*— .     amce 

-forgive 
forgave -n 
^^half 


lO. — SHORT   SENTENCES. 

Upon  my  opinion  I  would  not  believe  it.  Had  it  not  been  done 
I  would  have  joined  the  general.  He  could  not  have  gone  so  soon 
again'  To  gain  Phonography  you  must  first  be  found  in  a  brown 
study,  even  then  it  is  best  to  be  left  alone.  Men  are  humane  as 
women  are  womanly.  The  union  was  known  to  be  perfect.  His 
pecuniary  gain  was  not  large.  None  but  the  good  can  explain  their 
acts.  Learn  Phonography  well.  At  length  he  explains  the  corres- 
pondence. The  kind  gentleman  did  not  account  for  the  accident. 
Don't  go  behind  the  returns.  The  superintendent  found  the  founda- 
tion turned  in  consequence  of  the  sudden  accident.  It  is  significant 
of  the  fact  that  he  remembered  that  opinion.  I  find  that  the  land 
will  not  yield  a  profit.  His  balance  in  Kansas  is  indispensable.  He 
meant  to  surround  the  men  but  his  general  had  fallen.  The  account 
was  balanced  with  the  amount.  Experience  is  indispensable  to 
understand  the  cost  of  success.  He  was  punished  but  would  not 
explain.  Th'-  occurrence  in  Kansas  shows  gains  for  the  second  time. 
The  Stenographer's  transcript  was  second  to  none.  The  advocate 
found  difficulty  in  his  defence.    The  deficiency  balanced  the  account. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  75 


LESSON       XXI 


SHUN  AND   ESHUN  HOOKS. 

SHUN   HOOK. 

1.  The  syllable  shun  (or  zhuri)  following  a  stem  consonant, 
is  expressed  by  a  large  final  hook  made  on  either  side  of  straight 
stems,  and  on  the  concave  side  of  curve  stems.     Illustration: 

>^ N^      -^^  ^    \ --^ --'- 

potion,    passion,    inception,    addition,    perdi^on,    occasion,    sections, 

J-p j> \p ^ ....yc:... ^... 

dissection,       rations,       adhesion,      fashions,       visionary,       motions, 

.  O „..l^ .aS      ..^kP \ .^f^.... 

nations,    dissention,     oration,      volition,     persuasion^      reservation. 

2.  In  writing  the  words  unction,  sanction,  distinction,  etc.,  tht 
stem  for  the  /Ta  sound  can  be  omitted,  without  impairing  legibility 
Illustration 

>4^  O)  tsP 

unction,         sanctions,         distinction. 

3.  The  syllable  ist,  following  Shun  and  Eshun,  is  expressed  by 
half-length  Es  {Est)  on  the  hooks.     Illustration: 

^ s- ^- 

elocutionist,        factionist,         annexationist, 
ESHUN    HOOK. 

4.  The  syllable  shun  following  s  represented  by  a  circle,  and 
a  vowel,  is  expressed  by  a  small  hook  on  the  back  of  the  circle. 
Illustration: 

„:.x. L ^ _..  ^. _.>. NT*:. 

position,     decisi0nt  accession,      physician,     cessation,      pulsaiUn, 


70 


SCOTT' BROIVT^E'^    TEXTBOOK 


5.  Words  containing  this  small  hook  arc  legible  without  wriiintj 
the  vowel  that  is  heard  before  the  hook;  but  i£  it  is  desired  to  express 
this  vowel  any  time,  write  it  on  the  left  side  of  the  hook  for  &Jifsi 
plact  vowel  and  on  the  right  side  for  other  vowels.     Illustration: 


.1. 


1 


X. 


^1 


preaston^ 


transttton. 


procession^ 


sntsatioual 


See  Chapter  XV.  of  Part  II.  Text-Book  for  full  illustration  ot 

the  shn  representation.  

6 —WRITING  EXERCISE. 

Potion,  passion,  passions,  editions,  addition,  sedition,  section, 
suction,  deception,  attraction,  attractions,  detraction,  inception,  sub- 
traction, perception,  reception,  inspection,  exception,  refraction, 
infraction,  reduction,  subtraction,  perdition,  approbation,  attrition, 
reputation,  selection,  election,  elocution,  elocutionist,  elocutionists, 
factionist,  factionisis,  affectionate,  affectionately   observation. 

Decision,  causation,  accession,  accusation,  physician,  incision, 
musician?  musicians,  sensations,  proposition,  prepositions,  supposi- 
tion, cessation,  secession,  annexation;  annexationist,  pulsations. 


The  small  hook  for  sJm  may  also  be  used  for  sn  in  combinations 
where-  an  j-circle  and  an  «-siem  would  be  inconvenient  .to  joinr 
li  will  not  conflict. with  sHn  and  will  add  greatly  to  speed  and  legi- 
bility. The  principle  justifying  its  use  is  the  same  as  that  for  employ- 
ing the  ///,  En  or  Y//*  hook — many  final  terminations  being  as  incon- 
venient for  the  junction  of  .r  and  n  as  for  y%  and  s  initially.  .  There  are 
afewwords  in  which  the "^^Vw-hook  can  be  used  medially.  The  fol- 
lowing woids^ill'show  its  application.     (See  Part  II..  page  41.) 

medicine^  medicinal,  Wisconsin, 


mason^ 


masonry^ 


OFFSETS  OR  IMPERFECT  HOOKS. 
Some  combinations  of  consonants  make  it  impossible  to  form 
perfect  hooks;  in  which  case  it  is  necessary  to  make  an  offset,  using 
a  part  of  that  stem  (generally  the  second  one)  for  the  purpose  which 
will  make  the  best  joining  and  indicate  the  hook;  thus. 


missionary,       seminary,      reply,     penetrable,      country,      exhale, 

, .^. — .V~ -.^. V- -^--A- 

companion,     printer,     otgineer^     Edinhoro,    adhesion^     trainer ^ 
economy t   cfcplain,    resplendent',   behold^  continent,    unwholesome. 


or  PHONOGRAPHY. 


T7 


7.— ABBREVIATIONS.— Shun  and  Eshun 

SHUN    HOOKS. 

...  V^ consideration 

^       exaggeration 


V  passion 

./O       objection 


..     >\      ■    objectionable 

o  ...  subjection 

...^  .  exhibiton 

U tuition 

U .station 

L) instruction 

^_ opposition 

...,  \o  ..  .position 
— \     ..   possession 


.f^. decision 

— «?  ..  .accession 


D       occasion 

c—^      creation 

1.-^     direction 

correction 

— collection 

— crP  ..   aggression 

ESHUN    HOOK, 

' — e 

-    acquisition 

-  ■  ..\>       procession 
\  proposition 

/ 

-  •  05  ....  -  generalization 

'"....organuaiion 


Hooks. — No.  11. 

VX       (ash  ionab!  e-bly 

0 


Y) 


session 

association 


0/        .     . 
missionary 


i 

.CT* compensation 

...^    .  .  civilization 


national 
situation 
dissuasion 
p-rsuasioo 

.conversational 
conversationi* 


reali/aiion 


78  SCOTT-BROWNS'S   TSXT-BOOK 


SHADING   AND    LENGTHENING. 

LE  SSON     ZZII. 


SHADING  EM. 
I.    Em  is  shaded  to  express  a  following/  or  b,  and  is  then  called 


Emp  or  Emb.     Illustration; 
./^rs...„.^9^. A^ 


«/w/,     stump,     hemp,     lamp,     glimpse,     wampum,    limbo,    embargo^ 

LENGTHENING  EMP. 
2.     Emp  is  lengthened  to  add  a  following  r.     Illustration: 

empire,        temper,        simper,        ember,        chamber,        somber. 


3.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Pomp,  pumps,  bump,  damp,  dumps,  stamp,  stump,  stampede, 
jumps,  camp,  gump,  vamp,  thump,  lamp,  lump,  limp,  romp,  rump, 
mumps,  swamp,  samp,  slump,  hump,  hemp,  primp,  plump,  tramp, 
crump,  cramp,  glimpse,  wampum,  limbo,  Jumbo,  humbug.  Sambo. 

Pumper,  Plumper,  temper,  temporal,  distemper,  damper,  jumper, 
Kemper,  vampire,  romper,  hamper,  scamper,  ember,  umber,  amber, 
fioraber,  limber,  lumber,  chamber,  slumber,  December,  November, 
September,  dismember,  timber,  cumber,  encumber,  Cuirterland, 
Chamberlain.  \ 

LENGTHENING  JNG. 

4.  Ing  is  lengthened  to  express  a  following  kr  {Ket)  or  gr{Ger). 
Illustration: 

anchor  or  anger,  tinker,  winker,  tinker. 


tAinie*'  finger,  linger,  *tr»nger. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


n 


LENGTHENING  THE  OTHER   CURVES. 
5.     Ar  the  other  curved  stems  are  lengthened  to  express  a  fol- 
lowing tr,  dr,  thry  dhr.     Illustration: 


enter,         render,         smatter,         mother,    philanthropy,       father. 
6.     Of  the  straight  stems,  only  Ra  and  Hah  are  lengthened  to 
express  the  following  words: 
'v 


writer. 


rather, 


hither. 


7.— WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Anchor,  sinker,   Bunker,  tinker,  canker,  rancor,  ranker,  linger, 
spanker,  winkers,  hanker,  handkerchief. 

Anger,  finger,  linger,  languor,  stronger,  monger,  mongrel, 
hunger,    Hungerford. 

Father,  fatherless,  fatherly,  mother,  motherly,  motherless, 
thither,  nitre,  neuter,  center,  central,  Easter,  eastern,  easterly, 
Esther,  oyster,  Astor,  Astral,  astronomy,  astronomical,  astronomer, 
latter,  later,  literature  {La-ter-Cher),  literary,  latterly,  literally,  col- 
lateral, wmter,  wintered,  wander,  eccentric,  eccentricity,  render, 
hinder,  cinder,  sunder,  wither,  withers,  withered  '      flounder, 

philantrophy,  philanthropist,  philanthropical. 

Enterprise,  interrupt,  interruption,  entertain,  interest,  interested, 
introduce,  introduction,  interpret,  interpretation,  interpose,  inter- 
twine, interdict,  uninterrupted. 


8.— ABBREVIATIONS.— Double  Lengths.— No  12. 


{ ihi 

C 


father 
ther 
thiiherward 


) 


Easter 

letter 

literary 


so 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S    TEXT-BOOK 


latter 


matter,  mother 
.neither,  entire 

.entirely 


mterest 


senator 


northerr 


^ 


.longer 
...  .water 

whithersoever 

--weather 
whether 


,..< 


hither 

hither  and  thitlnu 
-farther,  further 
farther  than 


9.  -  SHORT    SEN'iTiNCLS. 

His  father  and  mother  went  thither.  The  style  of  the  letter  wa<i 
literary.  The  writer  wrote  rather  good  matter.  The  Northern 
Senator  went  farther.  His  interest  was  entirely  in  the  weather. 
Water  no  longer  ran  hither  and  thither.  Father  went  farther  than 
mother.  I  would  rather  be  the  latter.  I  should  think  it  was  rather 
longer  than  the  other.  It  is  better  to  go  farther.  Whithersoever 
you  go,  don't  mind  the  weather.  Whether  the  entire  letter  was  sent 
by  the  writer  I  know  not.  I^Iy  interest  is  entirely  with  neither.  Your 
letter  of  introduction  will  further  my  father's  desire.  I  hope  you  will 
not  interpose  an  objection  to  the  enterprise  introduced.  It  was  an 
interruption  to  inter*  ept  the  letter. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  gl 


PREFIXES    AND    AFFIXES, 

LESSON     ZZIII. 


PREFIXES. 

I. — The  prefixes,  con,  com,  cum,  cog;  contra,  contro,  counter; 
fore;  magna,  magne,  magni;  circum,  self;  etc.,  are  represented  by 
brief  arbitrary  signs  written  either  before  or  above  the  remainder 
of  the  word. 

CON,    COM,    CUM,    COG. 

2. — ^The  sign  for  con,  com,  cum  and  cog  is  a  dot.     Illustration: 

J- > .Si^ _.^-. 

contain^     comprise,     cumbersome,     cognitiv. 

CONTRA,  CONTRO,  ETC. 

S. — The  sign  for  contra,  contro  and  counter  is  a  tick.     Illustration: 


E=- "^ 


>r>  ... 

contradiction,  controversy,       countermand^ 

FORE. 

4. — The  sign  for  fore  is  Ef.     Illustration: 

_...v?r..._..„ 

forestall, 

MAGNA,  ETC. 

5. — The  sign  for  maga,  niagne  and  magni  is  Em.     Illustration: 

magnanimous,  magnetic^  ^o^gf^ify* 

CIRCUM  AND  SELF. 

6. — The  sign,  for  circum  and  self  is  a  small  circle,  written  in  first 
position  before  or  above  the  remainder  of  the  word,  for  circum,  and 
in  second  position  before  or  above  the  remainder  of  the  word  for  self. 
Illustration: 

V\    .  ^..  .._ 

circumscribe,  self-mcuU, 


89 


SCOTT.BROWNErS  TRXT-BOOK 


COMPOUND    PREFIXES. 

7. — Whenever  any  other  syllable  comes  before  these  prefixes — 
thus  making  a  compound  prefix — the  stem  or  sign  for  the  syllable  is 
written  in  the  prefix's  place,  and  the  prefix  is  not  written,  but  implied, 
or,  understood  to  be  expressed,  together  with  the  syllable  standing  in 
its  place;  or,  in  other  words,  if  a  stem  or  circle  is  written  over  another 
stem  in  such  a  way  as  to  occupy  the  place  of  a  prefix  sign,  it  must 
be  read  together  with  the  prefix — the  syllable  that  the  sign  stands 
for  being  read  first  and  the  prefix  last.     Illustration: 


H 


conceivable. 


H--- 

inconceivable  ^ 


■    \  - 

construe. 


*^ -v. 'k^. 

compromised,         uncompromised^         committal^ 

_ --^ X? t 

cognition^  recognition^  conceit, 

\ K -^ 

composed,  decomposed,  comfort, 

L, rx "> 


misconstrue- 


-y-.. ........ 

tum-committaL 


t 


self-conceit. 

k 

discomfort. 


contradicted,         uncontradici^^  controvert^         uncontroverted. 


yC\ 


-^^.. 


reconcilable,       irreconcilable,  magnetized, 

CO  \_i>9 

circumspect,       uncircumspect. 


^.. 


.^^ 


«_/ 


selfish, 

3 


foreseen,  unforeseen,         accommodation. 


unmagnetizcd 

...::V. 

unselfish, 

"^^I-. 

incognito 


'h 


J. 


nojt-conduct»r. 


uncommon. 


concomitant. 


OF    PHOlfOGRAPHY, 


8. — Some  words,  having  the  prefix  discon^  are  not  conveniently 
written  according  to  the  usual  rules  for  writing  compound  prefix 
words,  in  which  case,  the  remainder  of  the  word  is  written  near  the 
prefix  sign,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  prefix  is  expressed  in  full,  about 
as  quickly  as  to  use  a  disconnected  sign.     Illustration: 

I-  -i^ 

disconnect. 

9. — The  syllable  kong,  in  Congress^  conquer^  etc.,  is  expressed  by 
the  con  dot,  thus: 


Congress^  conquer. 

10. — Con,  com  or  cog  can  be  expressed  by  writing  the  remainder 
of  the  word  close  to  a  preceding  word,  thus: 

u... ^ 

in  connection^         in  consideration^        cemmon  consent. 

^ \-i - ^ 

must  contrive^         ta  be  concluded,  will  convince. 


II.— READING  EXERCISE. 


common^  commence^  committee. 

-Si- -s^ ti 

continued,         constituent,  contrition. 

iiD b. '.^ :^ y .^ ..^. 

0       ^  ^ 


.erH>_. 


y V-*^- ^ 


84      '  SCOTT-BROWN'l^S  TEXT-BOOK 


12. —WRITING   EXERCISE. 

Compute,  computed,  competition,  compose,  composes,  com- 
posed, composition,  compositor,  compost,  compound,  compounded, 
compassion,  comprise,  comprised,  compressed,  comply,  complied, 
complex,  complexion,  complication,  complicate,  combine,  contain, 
contains,  contusion,  constrain,  construction,  contrite,  contrition,  con- 
tribute, contribution,  consistently,  constantly,  continue,  continued, 
constrained,  co.idemn,  condemnation,  conjure,  concur,  concourse, 
concrete,  conclude,  conclusion,  conclave,  conglomerate,  conglomera- 
tion, configuration,  conflagration,  convex,  convivial,  convenience, 
convenient,  convey,  conveyance,  convert,  convertible,  conceive,  con- 
ception, completion,  compilation,  compensation,  condense,  condensa- 
tion, contrive,  contrives,  contrary,  conduct,  construct,  contract,  con- 
trol, controllable,  contrasted,  console,  consolation,  consolidate,  con- 
solidation, conservatory,  conservation,  conservatism,  concern,  com- 
mune, commence,  commenced,  conquer,  conquerable,  congress, 
congressional,  cognate,  cognomen. 

Accomplish,  accomplishments,  accommodated. 

Inconstant,  inconsolable,  uncontrollable,  unconvinced,  uncon- 
querable, inconceivable,  recompense,  recommend,  recommended, 
recognize,  recognizes,  recognized,  recognition,  recognizable,  mis- 
construction, miscompute,  non-conformity,  non-committal,  non-con- 
ductor, decomposition,  discomfort,  disconcert,  disconcerted,  discon- 
nection. 

Contraband,  contradict,  contradiction,  contradistinction,  contra- 
vene, counterpoise,  counterpoint,  counter-irritant,  counter-irritation, 
countermand,  counter-mine,  counter-balance,  counterpart,  counter- 
sign. 

Join  /for  for-e  in  the  following  words:  Foreknow,  foreknow- 
ledge, forever,  forward,  forsake,  forlorn,  fore-thought,  fore-handed, 
fore  noon,  fore-fathers. 

Disjoin  /  for  fore  in  the  following  words:  Foremost,  fore-stall, 
forecast,  foreman,  foresail.  See  Part  II.,  page  82,  under  the  prefix 
for,  fore,  for  a  fuller  illustration  of  this  principle.  0. 

Magnanimous,  magnanimity,  magnify,  magnificent,  magnitude, 
magnetism,  magnetic,  magnesia. 


or  WHOmfGKAPHYi 


ZiBSSON   xxiy. 


AFPIXES. 

The  affix  and  prefix  signs  are  treated  aad  tabulated  ior  read(j^ 
reference  in  Chapters  xvi.  and  xvii,  of  Part  IT.  Text-Book. 

The  iollowing  frequently^  occurring  affixes  can  be  used  to  advaii* 
tage  at  this  stage  of  the  stud/. 

Ble,  ELY — b  ivith  the  /-hook  Tsrhett  converJent  to  join,  wlicn  not 
simple  b  will  answer:  thus, 

.........(>1 4 !\. \ _Jd_....._ 

tolerable^     cottsiderable-y^     indispensable,     ^projiiable^y^    sensihU-y^ 
Self,  selves — a  small  circle  for  self^  a  large  one  for  selves j  ihus» 

:!-_..._._...^_ Z........:3...... .L -^ £ 

himself,  thyself,  herself,  myself;  themselves,  ourselves^  yourselves^ 
Ship — a  disjoined  sh;  thus, 

.^_ „....      J.  cy2J 


■y "• 


friendships    fellowship^    j>artnership,    generalship,     rjelationship. 
Jng— adot  following  the  stem;  tTius, 

__.,. ..( ^ .r!.: =3^,™__/:r....4.„.. 

.owm^t  doin^.   going,   cautioning^    plastering^   running,  f>aying^ 
Ings — an  oblique  heavy  tick:  ilmS, 

a :L.-......_V W- Zl_.^:=£:fl 


doings,     ^sayittgs^       blessings,     factngt^     Jeajtittgr,     engravings^ 
Ingly — a  tick  or  /-wriiien  ia  t«fx  place;  ^is, 

o<^ .^A......___!i:£ _J2C %__ 

lovingly;        knowingly,        seemingly^       J^^^ingly^        tnatinsglj^ 
Fui-XY— joined.  /  Tvhen  £f  with  /-hook  cannot  be  used;  thus, 

...„,^ .^_...^..ri ^J=.^^__4^^_. 

^atnfiil-ly^     luakeful-ly,     fuccessfut-iyi    shamefiil4y^^  piQuiJffjlL 


86 SCOTT-SROJFI7M*S  XEXTSOOIC 

JIi)OD—^y  thus,  ' 

„.^, ^ ^^__^ .-r^._ 

maHheo^      womanhood^      seJfJiood,      sisicrhood,     nrighhoriiwl, 
XT,  AL^^iLMr—disjolned /y  thus, 

....rc:;i/:r..J^.. .TfeyC. .„^_J^.^^._.!llp^_^{C^ 

^<i#r^^  dmseTy^  insirummial  deirimeniaJ^  sentimentally r  shortly^ 


AFTER.--thns,  Tfereaffer.  thereaffer. 

_^_..__.^ ___^: 

Hand— thus,  ieforeJiand,       longTiand^       lehindhand. 

UNCLASSIFIED    ABBRi:VIATIONS^y 


t 

advertise 

^           advertised 

^      advertisement  ^ 

J- 

adjust 

c>^       afforded 

^^^    actual-Iy 

accurate 

c — .     accuracy 

\        abbreviation 

\ 

~'er' " 

appear 

*\       appeared 

6  appearance 

Oy^appfoprlatc        ^    ^    ^accepis-ancc        Vj_  after 
^^'''^  anywhere         —^        3rranj?:emeuC      &     always 
'\_  arrive  '^"^     anx^ody       "^-—^     anyhow 


Ji        asTc         ^r'^trr'^  certain.^         ^,^.-s^^^'certaTnly 

^ calL  J*  drcuxnstances            calculate 

<■ — ^  clear  ^ — ^  deared          7    <^hurcK 

i       consider  »      1  considered.           ^  complete 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY: 


2. 


credit  ^ ^    current  /^    charge 


jjj_/   distinguish  ^       I       danger           ^^-\^  *^"°"^?!.. 
— <i^    except,  expect       '\^  eastward  n*!_®"^ 


^^  elsewhere  *^ — ^     exquisite  excuse 

J       especially  k,,^.__^  family  Vcr>    ^^"^^If 

W      falsehood^         t^__  final-ly  ^^^ glad 

great  '=—        guilt-y ^    grant 


_■  ground,  grand   y^*-^^  hereafter  ^       heretofore 

/  hold,  held  .^      heard  — « — -  ignorant 

...c^...~ ~ -^ " — - 

— o  influence  "^— ^       influences      --^      influenced 

<S>  information      ^-^^     initial        "    \^      import 

— ^  important-ance       y    largest  ^cL^    lately 

(^  learned  ^^i?r~     ™"'"^''_       "~!?s-c  i^^iisfortune 


^y"    nohow  ^ V      newest  ^_^/^lnewly 

..hj^nS: .<^...^^^^ .^rrrT^j^ 

,^_^^  nowhere  v_D-^    necessarily      (^^   only 


^      offer  '^         offered  ^        opportunity 

\       oblige  _„A^      r^'dy  '^—        protect 


•X     proposc> \<:rOv7    P"^PO£^         ™ 'X-^.I?^^^^?^ 

"X  ^  prepare \       prepared       VXQ^   ? ™*"112.'''' 


^^ — Q    -^^  politics  n^  ^  particular^^ ^  ^    ,    pure 

\       public  _  .,<'^V^    reference  .^-^  received 


C^      realize  C-'^     realired  ^^.^^   regret 


^~  regard  -"''^      record  6>''^"*'''^Telinquish 

.'■"^^  '^^P°'^^  y'\y:       "^^"^.^^^^^  f      satisfy-ed-ory-l.y 

p      satisfaction       ^ — ,/^  somehow         ,^-—, /So  me  where 


p        staid  £.    stood  ^    short 


^        society                <^^— ^     six                   U^  ^  tesilmonv 
.a. —.• - — «. (LS:::r:Tt:.. _ .-... 


\f. 


U-^time  C^    thoroly  .    to-day 

to-morrow  •^^     ^understood        ^-^  uncomfortable 

\     towards  f^_  toward  ^    told 


usual-ly         P~  withhold » withheld      f     whatevei  ^v^xA 

■..M^......jL^.^^..— ...■•^..^ ^MJ...7h»lW..— ,,    ,,        -»_M..  .._....  II     I  t 


88 


SCOTT-BROWNE'S  TBXT-BOOK 


SHORT    SENTENCES. 

Her  arrangement  of  the  music  was  exaulsite.  Abbreviations  are 
necessary  to  the  highest  speed  and  are  caiculated  to  make  a  System 
complete.  The  proper  party  did  aDDroDnace  the  preparation,  the 
purport  of  which  he  was  not  preaarea  to  understand.  To  appear 
well  in  public  is  considered  equal  to  Deina  distinguished,  so  much 
depends  upon  appearances  in  society.  Yhe  acceptance  is  made 
good  for  value  received  on  account  oi  aavertising.  He  will  cer- 
tainly arrive  somewhere  within  a  m.ontn.  Always  ask  for  directions 
to  avoid  danger.  They  will  certainiv  can  unless  circumstances 
calculated  to  prevent  occur.  To  calculate  ciearly  you  must  include 
the  current  expenses.  I  charge  you  in  «o!ng  to  church  to  consider 
well  the  circumstances  and  especially  to  accompany  your  family.  I 
would  not  enter  into  an  arrangement  mat  would  cause  me  to  go  else- 
where. The  church  building  will  be  movea  somewhere.  The  female 
of  the  family  will  finally  be  made  glad.  The  ignorant  are  not  cal- 
culated to  influence  the  learned.  Hereaiter  I  shall  take  the  ground 
that  the  newest  thing  out  will  answer  the  purpose.  Every  oppor- 
tunity will  be  afforded  to  secure  public  opinion  against  the  measure. 
My  purpose  is  to  propose  and  protect  the  party.  Perhaps  I  should 
be  better  prepared  for  that  particular  purpose.  To  be  satisfied  that 
you  have  satisfactorily  reported  the  testimony,  wait  till  the  clouds 
roll  by  and  the  transcript  is  handed  in.  Years  may  come  and  years 
may  go  but  the  shorthand  reporter  goes  on  forever, 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  FURTHER  STUDY. 
At  this  point  of  the  study  the  student  should  turn  back  to  page 
forty  and  write  several  times  over  each  of  the  exercises  of  sentences 
for  practise  on  Abbreviations  thruout  the  book.  Then  he  should  write 
from  dictation  reports  of  civil  trials  (testimony)  which,  owing  to  the 
frequent  use  of  words  in  this  matter  occurring  in  colloquial  speech,  the 
abbreviations  necessary  for  rapid  writing  are  firmly  fixed  in  the  mind. 
Together  with  this  dictation  practise,  the  student  should  also  write  all 
the  exercises  of  words  given  in  Part  II.  Text-Book,  and  the  siudy  of 
the  principles  there  should  be  thoro,  regular  and  systematic.  When 
Part  II.  is  finished,  dictation  practise  on  testimony  having  been  kept 
up  at  the  same  time,  should  then  be  dropped  and  writing  from  the 
Book  of  Business  Letters  in  the  same  manner  taken  up.  Following 
this  any  other  work  that  may  be  prepared  by  the  author  of  the  Amer- 
ican Standard  series,  for  dictation  practise,  should  be  used.  If  it  is 
desired  to  fit  for  special  work  the  student  should  practise  upon  such 
matter  as  will  give  him  perfect  familiarity  with  the  class  of  words  to 
be  met  with  most  in  that  kind  of  reporting.  To  fit  for  general  re- 
porting the  student  must  practise  on  all  kinds  of  matter,  and  work 
patiently  and  long  to  acquire  the  necessary  knowledge  of,  and  famili- 
arity with  the  various  subjects  to  which  thought  and  investigation 
are  devoted.  If  these  directions  are  followed  and  the  student  is 
thoro,  the  mastery  of  the  art  will  be  acquired  in  the  shortest  time 
possible  to  learn  Phonography. 


/A   O* 


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